That the victim of gout, despite uricæmia and those unequivocal tokens, _tophi_, may, notwithstanding repeated arthritic outbreaks, be in the intervals in sound if not exuberant health, is a clinical truism. His kidneys, too, may, as far as can be ascertained, be normal; and his blood pressure not beyond what might be expected at his age. His output of uric acid may but touch the lower normal limit or a little less, and his metabolism of purin-rich foods be but a little protracted. Thus he runs his course, more frequently than not a strenuous one, chequered by occasional outbreaks which not seldom he regards as salutary rather than otherwise. Then, sooner or later, in one, two, or even three decades, that Nemesis of age, _arterio-sclerosis_ overtakes him with its correlated _chronic nephritic_ change. Is not this very reminiscent of what Walker Hall reminds us of, the sequence of events in _lead poisoning_ and _alcoholism_? “These poisons affect the general metabolism adversely and are connected with disturbances of purin assimilation and output. At a later stage they produce arterio-sclerosis and renal insufficiency.” And as he shrewdly observes, “It is, therefore, of importance to exactly appraise the stage of the disease when interpreting the results of experiments upon gouty individuals. When this obtains widened application, many generally accepted statements will have to be re-written.” In conclusion, therefore, we see that the weight of clinical evidence is against the _primary renal_ origin of gout, for not only are renal changes frequently slight, but they are often entirely lacking in gout. Confronted with these difficulties, the question inevitably rises as to whether there does not exist a special morbid entity, gout, which develops independently of renal abnormalities? CHAPTER XI URICÆMIA IN GOUT In the summer of 1848, Garrod made his momentous announcement that “the blood in gout always contains uric acid in the form of urate of soda, which salt can be obtained from it in crystalline state.” Some eleven years later in his classic work on gout, he reiterated his affirmation, but appended thereto the words, “in abnormal quantities.” Garrod’s analyses were mainly _qualitative_, but, at any rate, in one instance, he obtained from a gouty patient the equivalent of 5 mg. of uric acid per 100 gm. of blood serum, maintaining, however, that this amount was much below that really present. But not until 1895 was a series of _quantitative_ estimates undertaken when Klemperer in three gouty subjects passing through an attack found the blood content of uric acid to be 6·6 mg., 8·8 mg., and 9·5 mg. per 100 c.c. of blood. Some years later, Magnus Levy, investigating seventeen gouty individuals, found that the amount of uric acid in the blood ranged from 2·1-9·5 mg. per 100 c.c.