Gout, with a section on ocular disease in the goutyLlewellyn, Llewellyn J. (Llewellyn Jones)
Science
Gout, with a section on ocular disease in the gouty
Llewellyn, Llewellyn J. (Llewellyn Jones)
Eye -- Diseases; Gout
Naturally, the implication of so many varied structures casts its impress
on the clinical picture, inasmuch as the physical characters vary
with the different textures involved, their capacity for inflammatory
distension, etc. On the _dorsum_ of the _hand_ and _foot redness_ and
_œdema_ will be prominent, and Scudamore noted that the flush might be
widely diffused, simulating _erysipelas_, with here and there small
_ecchymoses_.
When structures more deeply placed, _i.e._, _tendon sheaths_ at ankle,
knee, and wrist, are singled out for attack, swelling is less marked and
redness of the skin more patchy in distribution. The _bursæ_ at the elbow
or back of the knee may swell with extraordinary rapidity. The parts
become exquisitely tender and painful, while the overlying skin takes on
an angry blush. They may subside, but more often continue permanently
enlarged, defiant of reduction.
Involvement of the _olecranon bursa_ is very typical of gout. Pratt,
of Boston (1916), tells of a case in which the subject had during
twenty-seven years suffered from recurring attacks of _acute gouty
polyarthritis_. The eight or ten physicians who had treated him had
all regarded the disease as _rheumatic fever_. Pratt himself observes:
“I did not feel sure of the diagnosis until I saw the swelling on his
elbow, which presented the typical picture of a chronic _gouty olecranon
bursitis_.”[34] Occasionally the bursæ when filled with uratic deposit
undergo _suppuration_ following injuries. The bursa in connection with
the great toe frequently becomes acutely inflamed, and Scudamore in a
gouty hand saw an old ganglion take on the same inflammatory reaction.
The tendon sheaths when involved lead to great disablement, as even the
most tentative attempts at movement give rise to sudden and agonising
cramp. The _tendo Achillis_ is a favourite site, or the tendons of
the wrist, or the ligament of the patella. The same is true of the
_aponeuroses_, the predilection being for the lumbar or gluteal fascia,
in which instance it may extend to the sheath of the sciatic nerve. These
extensions of gout to tendon and nerve sheaths frequently outlast the
articular lesions, and may become the dominant element in the clinical
picture.
Naturally, when not only joints, but _bursæ_ and other structures, are
involved and implicate both upper and lower limbs, the victim presents a
pitiful spectacle, one of almost complete helplessness. Œdema and general
venous turgescence may be very pronounced in one or more members, giving
a subjective sensation of almost overwhelming weight in the limb.
Reverting to the _constitutional_ symptoms, the outstanding feature is
that, notwithstanding the widespread involvement of joints with manifest
local inflammatory reaction, the _pyrexia_ is of _moderate_ grade, and
so frequently, indeed, is it _afebrile_ that this peculiarity is of
diagnostic significance.
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