[21] See Lyon Sharman, _Sun Yat-sen: His Life and Its Meaning_, New York, 1934; and Paul M. A. Linebarger, _The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen_, pp. 132-156, Baltimore, 1937, for discussion of the development of Sun's economic programs. [22] Jefferson D. H. Lamb (Lin Tung-hai), _The Development of the Agrarian Movement and Agrarian Legislation in China_, p. 134, Shanghai, 1934. [23] _Ibid._, p. 221. [24] _Ibid._, p. 77. [25] See _Pacific Affairs_ for 1934 and 1935, for articles by George Taylor and others dealing with reconstruction. [26] Linebarger, _op. cit._ in note 21, chap. VII, "The Programs of Min Shêng," discusses these points at greater length. [27] See P. H. B. Kent, _The Twentieth Century in the Far East_, p. 364, London, 1937, for an extract from the mandate sent by the Chinese-Manchu Emperor Ch'ien-lung to England's George III. [28] See G. E. Hubbard, _Eastern Industrialization and Its Effect on the West_, London, 1935, for a very illuminating survey. J. E. Orchard, _Japan's Economic Position_, New York, 1930, is equally informative. Much current information will be found in _Far Eastern Survey_ (semimonthly, New York), and _Amerasia_ (monthly, New York) on economic matters. _Pacific Affairs_ (quarterly, New York) and _International Affairs_ (bimonthly, London) possess book review sections which are useful guides to the literature. The _Bulletin of Far Eastern Bibliography_ (quarterly, Washington, D. C.) is the most complete guide of its kind, but has just completed its initial volumes. THIRD PART GOVERNMENTS _Chapter_ VI THE EMPIRE The governing of China is not and has not been confined to governments. In many instances the working of specific institutions called _governments_ has been of less importance than that of other establishments and organizations. The problems of government in Republican China are affected but not determined by the fate of individual governments. Movements and armies have predetermined action; governments have reflected it. Government in China may be divided into three chief periods. The first extends from prehistory to 221 B. C. The second is the imperial period.[1] The third--the Republican epoch--did not begin until 1912, although it was foreshadowed in the nineteenth century. _Government to the End of the Warring States_