[8] On the Sian incident see General and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, _General Chiang Kai-shek_, Garden City, 1937; James M. Bertram, _First Act in China_, New York, 1938, an account by an Australian newspaperman in Sian at the time; and Edgar Snow, _Red Star over China_, New York, 1938--an extraordinarily valuable work on all phases of Chinese Communism, by an observer of great insight and acuteness. [9] See the references below, p. 190, n. 10. [10] See Yoshi S. Kuno, _Japanese Expansion on the Asiatic Continent_, vol. I, Berkeley, 1937, for an authoritative description of early Sino-Japanese relations. Chinese records of the time of Christ describe the payment of tribute by Japanese chieftains. The most explicit acknowledgment of Chinese suzerainty occurred in the time of Yoshemitsu, the third Ashikaga shogun (see Kuno, pp. 92-93). [11] The Japanese patriotic leagues are described in Kenneth Colegrove, _Militarism in Japan_, Boston, 1936. [12] Wang Ming, _China Can Win!_ p. 44, New York, 1938. Wang Ming is a Chinese expert on Marxism residing in the U. S. S. R. [13] See below, pp. 184 ff. SECOND PART ARMIES _Chapter_ IV WARRIORS From the outside, militarism seems to dominate the Chinese scene. China is frequently interpreted in terms of personalities instead of mass inclinations, wide-filtering habits, and extensive relocations of thought. The picturesqueness of the Chinese leaders has done nothing to prevent the notion of many romantic autocracies from appearing real: the Dog-Meat General, six feet tall, diabolically cruel and brazenly comic, with his veritable zoological garden of ladies from all over the world; the Christian General, burly, bluff, honest, Christian and Bolshevik, with the happy naïveté of a feudal politician; the Bandit General and his infatuation with fine arsenals; the Generalissimo, with his Christian wife, himself a Christian, rolling up a military machine against the third greatest naval power of the earth--such figures make Chinese news a confused but exciting serial story. _Military Rule and Political Economy_