Besides the current text-books cfr. *Jos. Wieser, _S. Pauli Apostoli Doctrina de Iustificatione_, Trent 1874; H. Th. Simar, _Die Theologie des hl. Paulus_, 2nd ed., §33 sqq. Freiburg 1883. On the Protestant notion of justification cfr. Möhler, _Symbolik_, §10 sqq., Mainz 1890 (Robertson’s translation, pp. 82 sqq., 5th ed., London 1906); _Realenzyklopädie für prot. Theologie_, Vol. XVI, 3rd ed., pp. 482 sqq., Leipzig 1905 (summarized in English in the _New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge_, Vol. VI, pp. 275 sqq., New York 1910); Card. Newman, _Lectures on the Doctrine of Justification_, 8th impression, London 1900; J. Mausbach, _Catholic Moral Teaching and its Antagonists_, New York 1914, pp. 150 sqq.—B. J. Otten, S. J., _A Manual of the History of Dogmas_, Vol. II, St. Louis 1918, pp. 246 sqq., 464 sq., 470 sqq. Section 2. Justifying Or Sanctifying Grace Sanctifying grace is defined by Deharbe as “an unmerited, supernatural gift, imparted to the soul by the Holy Ghost, by which we are made just, children of God, and heirs of Heaven.” As it makes sinners just, sanctifying grace is also called justifying, though this appellation can not be applied to the sanctification of our first parents in Paradise or to that of the angels and the sinless soul of Christ. Justification, as we have shown, consists in the infusion of sanctifying grace, and hence it is important that we obtain a correct idea of the latter. We will therefore consider (1) The Nature of Sanctifying Grace, (2) Its Effects in the Soul, and (3) Its Supernatural Concomitants. Article 1. The Nature Of Sanctifying Grace 1. SANCTIFYING GRACE A “PERMANENT QUALITY” OF THE SOUL.—Having no intuitive knowledge of sanctifying grace, we are obliged, in order to obtain an idea of its true nature, to study its effects, as made known to us by Revelation. Sacred Scripture and the teaching of the Church do, however, enable us to form certain well-defined conclusions, of which the most important is that sanctifying grace must be conceived as a permanent quality (_qualitas permanens_) of the soul. If it is a permanent quality, sanctifying grace cannot be identical with actual grace or with “uncreated grace,” _i.e._ the Person of the Holy Ghost.