_ 282 Enchiridion_, c. 106: “_Sicut mori est in hominis potestate, quum velit, ... ad vitam vero tenendam voluntas non satis est, si adiutoria sive alimentorum sive quorumcunque tutaminum desint, sic homo in paradiso ad se occidendum relinquendo iustitiam idoneus erat per voluntatem; ut autem ab eo teneretur vita iustitiae, parum erat velle nisi ille, qui eum fecerat, adiuvaret._” 283 Can. 19: “_Natura humana, etiamsi in illa integritate in qua est condita permaneret, nullo modo seipsam, Creatore suo non adiuvante, servaret. Unde quum sine gratia Dei salutem non possit custodire quae accepit, quomodo sine Dei gratia poterit reparare quod perdidit?_” (Denzinger-Bannwart, n. 192.)—St. Augustine holds that our first parents would have been able to preserve the state of grace by the divine _adiutorium sine quo non_, and that consequently the _adiutorium quo_ would have been superfluous to them. On this subtle question cfr. Pesch, _Praelectiones Dogmaticae_, Vol. V, pp. 55 sqq., and Schiffini, _De Gratia Divina_, pp. 472 sqq. _ 284 Summa Theol._, 1a 2ae, qu. 109, art. 5: “_Vita aeterna est finis excedens proportionem naturae humanae ... et ideo homo per sua naturalia non potest producere opera meritoria proportionata vitae aeternae; sed ad hoc exigitur altior virtus, quae est virtus gratiae. Et ideo sine gratia homo non potest mereri vitam aeternam. Potest tamen facere opera perducentia ad bonum aliquod homini connaturale, sicut laborare in agro, bibere, manducare et habere amicum et alia huiusmodi._” 285 For the necessary Augustinian citations in proof of this assertion see Palmieri, _De Gratia Divina Actuali_, pp. 174 sqq. 286 Cfr. Pohle-Preuss, _God the Author of Nature and the Supernatural_, pp. 186 sqq. _ 287 V. supra_, pp. 20. _ 288 V. supra_, pp. 26 sq. _ 289 V. supra_, pp. 69 sqq. 290 On the teaching of Scotus himself with regard to this point cfr. P. Minges, O.F.M., _Die Gnadenlehre des Duns Scotus auf ihren angeblichen Pelagianismus und Semipelagianismus geprüft_, Münster 1906. 291 This is true of man even in the exalted state in which he existed in Paradise. It is true also of the angels. It is true even of the human nature of our Lord Jesus Christ Himself. Cfr. Pohle-Preuss, _Christology_, pp. 221 sqq. 292 Cfr. Pohle-Preuss, _God the Author of Nature and the Supernatural_, pp. 190 sqq. 293 Palmieri, _De Gratia Divina Actuali_, p. 184. 294 Suarez, _De Necessitate Gratiae_, II, 4. 295 On the whole subject of this Article cfr. S. Schiffini, _De Gratia Divina_, pp. 227 sqq.; Rademacher, _Natur und Gnade_, M. Gladbach 1908. 296 Died 432. On his life and works see Bardenhewer-Shahan, _Patrology_, pp. 515 sqq. 297 Reproduced in Migne, _P. L._, XLIX, 477-1328.