_Aira flexuosa_, _Molinia_ and other moor-grasses occur with these narrow-leafed Fescues, but are easily distinguished: _Molinia_ by having no awn and being shorter and stouter, and _Aira flexuosa_ by the dorsal awn and basal hairs. _Festuca rubra_, L. (Fig. 78). “Seed” pale brown with rosy tinge, 3-5 mm. long without the awn, smooth, or slightly hairy upwards. Caryopsis 2-3·5 mm., compressed, with a shallow broad flat furrow on the ventral face and a median long “hilum.” Rachilla cylindrical, smooth, dilated above. [Illustration: Fig. 78. _Festuca ovina_, var. _rubra_. _a_, “seed,” nat. size; _b_ and _c_, ditto, × about 7. Nobbe. Cf. Fig. 59.] [Illustration: Fig. 79. _Festuca ovina_, var. _heterophylla_. _a_, spikelet, × about 3-1/2; _b_, “seed,” and _c_, caryopsis, nat. size; _d_ and _e_, “seed,” and _f_, caryopsis, × 7. Nobbe.] The variety _F. heterophylla_ has narrower and longer “seeds,” and a hispid rachilla. Palea 5-6 mm.: caryopsis 3·5-4·5 mm. (Fig. 79). Perhaps _Bromus sterilis_ should also come here (see p. 165). With regard to these Fescues the student may note that _F. ovina_, var. _tenuifolia_, has the smallest (4-5 mm.) and most ovoid “seeds,” usually golden brown in colour. _F. rubra_ is darker and larger (5-6 mm.), as is also _F. duriuscula_ (6-7 mm.): the latter is also narrower, with toothed palea, tapering suddenly at the base and more awned. _F. heterophylla_ is much like _F. duriuscula_, but the palea less toothed, and it tapers gradually at the base. The whole group is very difficult, and needs attention. [Illustration: Fig. 80. _Festuca Myurus. a_, “seed,” nat. size; _b_ and _c_, ditto, × about 6. Compare Fig. 50. Nobbe.] [Illustration: Fig. 81. _Nardus stricta._ Type of cylindrical “seed” with a terminal stiff awn, here serrulate; _c_, “seed,” nat. size; _a_ and _b_, ditto, × 8. Compare Fig. 50. Nobbe.] _Nardus stricta_, L. (Fig. 81). Outer palea tough and fused, 10-12 mm. long, narrow, lanceolate and tapering gradually into the stiff, serrulate, terminal awn shorter than itself. Inner palea minutely toothed at the apex and without awn, loosely enclosing the red-brownish yellow to bluish grey fruit which has no groove. “Seed” 4-6 mm. × 0·6 × 0·5 (without the awn), more or less triangular in section and serrulate on angles above. BIBLIOGRAPHY. BENTHAM AND HOOKER, _British Flora_, London, 1896. BONNIER and LAYENS, _Nouvelle Flore de France_, Paris, 1887. BRUNS, _Der Grasembryo_ in _Flora_, 1892, vol. LXXVI. BURCHARD, _Die Unkrautsamen der Klee-und Grasarten_, Berlin, 1900. DARWIN, _Power of Movement in Plants_, London, 1880. DUVAL JOUVE, in _Mémoires de l’Acad. des Sciences de Montpellier_, 1871, vol. VII. FREAM, _Elements of Agriculture_, London, 1892. GROB, in _Bibliotheca Botanica_, H. 36, 1896. GUÉRIN, _Recherches sur le développement du Tégument &c. des Graminées_ in _Ann. d. Sc. Nat._ 1899.