Great Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Rhodesia: An account of two years' examination work in 1902-4 on behalf of the government of RhodesiaHall, R. N. (Richard Nicklin)
History
Great Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Rhodesia: An account of two years' examination work in 1902-4 on behalf of the government of Rhodesia
Hall, R. N. (Richard Nicklin)
Great Zimbabwe (Extinct city); Zimbabwe -- Antiquities
_Gold scorifiers_ of native pottery were found in quantities on an
intermediate floor in No. 6 Enclosure of the Elliptical Temple,
together with a pair of iron pincers and Arabian glass. The report made
by Dr. P. Daniel Hahn, PH. D., M.A., Professor of Chemistry, South
African Chemical and Metallurgical Laboratory, Cape Town, on these
scorifiers, is as follows:—
“The several fragments of scorifiers sent for analysis did not
all contain sufficient flux to be removed without being mixed
up with the substance of the scorifier. A fair quantity of flux
could, however, be separated in sufficient purity for analysis.
“The flux was composed of:—
Silica 77.616%
Ferrous Oxide .464%
Aluminic Oxide 6.703%
Lime 7.095%
Magnesia 7.421%
Gold .363%
Sodic Oxide .210%
Potassic Oxide .106%
“No Borate or Fluoride was found in the flux.
“The composition of this flux is remarkable, inasmuch as the
alkalies are present in very small proportion only, while the
alkaline earths prevail. Also the amount of silica is very
high.
“The flux melted readily when it was heated on a platinum lid
in a muffle furnace at the temperature required for expelling
auriferous lead.”
Dr. Hahn has further informed the author that pieces of scorifiers are
fragments of native pottery similar to that found in different parts of
South Africa, and he adds, “They are certainly not European but native
pottery.”
3. COPPER ARTICLES
Discoveries of copper in several forms are made on intermediate and
higher levels. So far no copper article has been found by any explorer
at Zimbabwe which could be claimed as being ancient, though doubtless
the ancients worked also in copper, and it is quite probable that
copper articles made in pre-Kafir times may yet be found. Such copper
articles as have been found show a decided Kafir form, the copper
battle-axes and barbed spearheads, bangles, beads, and wire-work
closely resembling the iron articles still made by the natives,
though of a somewhat superior design and make, and some of these in
all probability, judging by their location and the associated finds,
covered a period extending from mediæval times until comparatively a
few years ago. The floors and immediate vicinity of native huts of
the oldest construction yield copper articles abundantly, while later
native floors have a larger percentage of iron articles.
Three pounds’ weight of thin and narrow strips of _copper sheathing_
with tack-holes round the edges and copper tacks were found on one of
the higher levels, and at a depth of several feet below were granite
cement steps and buttresses of excellent construction. This sheathing
had evidently covered some wooden article.
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