[54.2] In the _Amer. Journ. Archael._, 1887, pp. 59-60, Frothingham cites examples from Assyrian cylinders of birds on pillars or altar with worshippers approaching: one of these shows us a seated god in front of the bird (pl. vii. 1); on another, a warrior approaches a tabernacle, within which is a horse’s head on an altar, and near it a bird on a column (pl. vii. 2; cf. the boundary-stone of Nebuchadnezzar I., published by Miss Harrison, _Trans. Congr. Hist. Rel._, 1908, vol. ii. p. 158); we find also a winged genius adoring an altar on which is a cock. But cocks and other birds were sacrificial animals in Babylonian ritual, and might be interpreted in all these cases as mere temporary embodiments of the divinity’s power; the human-shaped divinity is once represented by the side of the bird, and might always have been imagined as present though unseen. [55.1] Roscher, _Lexikon_, iii. p. 268. [55.2] _Vide_ chapter i. pp. 14-15. [56.1] Langdon, _Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms_, p. 127. [56.2] Schrader, _Keilinsch. Bibl._, ii. pp. 79, 83. [56.3] _Op. cit._, p. xix. [57.1] Langdon, _op. cit._, p. 159, n. 18. Compare with this the personification of abstract ideas; the children of Shamash are Justice (Kettu) and Law (Mésaru), and remain impersonal agencies, unlike the Greek Θέμις. A deified Righteousness (sedek) has been inferred from personal names that occur in the Amarna documents; _vide_ Cook, _Palestine_, p. 93. [57.2] _Vide_ his article on “Eschmun-Asklepios,” in _Orient. Stud. zu Th. Nöldeke am 70ten Geburtstag gewidmet_: the proofs are doubtful, but snake-worship in Phoenicia is attested by Sanchuniathon, Eus. _Praep. Ev._, 1, 10, 46. [57.3] Cook, _Religion of Ancient Palestine_, pp. 30-31. [58.1] _Praep. Ev._, 1, 10, 31. Glaser, _Mittheilungen uber einige Sabaeische Inschriften_, p. 3-4, gives reasons for affirming the worship of black bulls in heathen Arabia; but it is not clear in what relation these stood to the high personal divinities. [58.2] _Op. cit._, p. 545. [59.1] Langdon, _op. cit._, p. 223. [59.2] Zimmern, _Babyl. Hymn. w. Gebete_, p. 11. [59.3] _C. I. Sem._, 250. [60.1] For references, _vide_ my _Cults of the Greek States_, vol. ii., “Aphrodite,” R. 113a. [60.2] _Vide_ Head, _Hist. Num._, p. 586. [61.1] Perrot et Chipiez, _Histoire de l’art_, iv. fig. 329; cf. Garstang, _op. cit._, p. 256. [61.2] _Supra_, p 43. [61.3] Messerschmidt, _op. cit._, p. 23. [61.4] _Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc._, 1909, p. 971. [62.1] Luschan, _Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli_, Heft iii. Taf. 42, 43; cf. Garstang, _op. cit._, p. 274. [62.2] _Vide_ Roscher, _op. cit._, iii., _s.v._ “Ramman.” [62.3] Perrot et Chipiez, _op. cit._, iv. p. 549, fig. 276; cf. fig. 278. [62.4] _Op. cit._, ii. pp. 642-644. [63.1] Cumont, _Voyage d’exploration dans le Pont_, p. 139.