Thrasybulus, _P._ vi.; _I._ ii. Footnote 122: _Greek Sculpture_, Fig. 138. The identification of this statue is uncertain. It has been suggested that the word “Polyzalos” on the basis is an adjective, and that the victory recorded is that of Arcesilas of Cyrene. This view has been assailed in _Ath. Mitth._ xxxiv. by A. D. Keramopoullos, who believes that the statue was vowed by Gelon and actually set up by Polyzalos. Footnote 123: _O._ vi. 9. Footnote 124: _I._ iv., v.; _N._ v. Footnote 125: _O._ ix. 100. Footnote 126: _O._ i. 56, xiii. 10; _N._ i. 65; _I._ iii. 2. Footnote 127: _O._ vii. 44. Footnote 128: _P._ iv. 173. Footnote 129: _O._ vii. 89; cp. vi. 76, where χάρις is αἰδοία as the giver of αἴδως. Footnote 130: _O._ vii. 15, 90. Footnote 131: _N._ ix. 33. Footnote 132: σωφροσύνη does not occur in Pindar; σώφρων only twice: _P._ iii. 63, of Cheiron; _I._ vii. 27, of the sons of Aeacus. For the meaning of αἰδώς cp. Gilbert Murray, _The Rise of the Greek Epic_, p. 88. Footnote 133: _O._ xiv. 5. Footnote 134: Aelian, _V.H._ ii. 6. Footnote 135: _Ol. Ins._ 54. Footnote 136: Paus. v. 9, 5. Footnote 137: vi. 23. Footnote 138: Polybius iv. 73. Footnote 139: L. Dyer, “The Olympian Theatron” in _J.H.S._ xxviii. p. 265. Footnote 140: L. Dyer, _l.c._ Footnote 141: Paus. vi. 20, 14. _Vide infra_, Fig. 164. Footnote 142: Paus. v. 20, 2; Pliny, _N.H._ xxxv. 54. Footnote 143: These figures are taken from the lists given in Hyde’s _De Olympionicarum Statuis_. CHAPTER VI PROFESSIONALISM AND SPECIALIZATION, 440-338 B.C. Literature and art purified and refined athletics for a while, but at the same time by encouraging competition intensified these very evils which result from excessive competition, and when the Panhellenic movement had spent its force, and strife and faction once more resumed their sway in the Greek world, the decline of athletics was rapid. Nowhere is excess more dangerous than in athletics, and the charm of poetry and art must not blind us to that element of exaggeration which existed in the hero-worship of the athlete. The nemesis of excess in athletics is specialization, specialization begets professionalism, and professionalism is the death of all true sport. We have seen how even before the time of Pindar the growth of competition had developed athletics beyond their legitimate sphere of exercise and recreation till they became an end in themselves, and how success in the great games demanded an undue expenditure of time and of money. During the fifth century specialization made rapid progress in the hands of professional trainers, whose business it was to train competitors for the great games.[144]