[3] A short study and a detailed bibliography of the origin of guilds will be found in M. Martin-Saint-Léon's _Histoire des corporations de métier_, book i., 2nd edition. We recommend it to the reader, but do not ourselves accept all the author's opinions. As, however, he chiefly gives the German, English, and French sources of information, we add a list of Italian works, or works concerning Italy, which deal with the same subject, classifying them according to the theories they adopt. The theory of the separate creation of each guild is defended by M. Arrigo Solmi (_Le Assoziazioni in Italia avanti le origini del Commune_, 1898), but since then the works and criticisms of Messrs. Robert Davidsohn, Alfred Doren, Hartmann, and Bonolis have deprived his arguments of all that was strongest and most original in them. M. Solmi, in an article in the _Rivista Italiana di Sociologia_, ix. 1 (Roma, 1905), entitled "Sulla storia economica d'Italia nel medio evo," himself recognized that the persistence of certain ancient institutions and the division of labour in the great royal or feudal domains appear to have played an important part in the organization of crafts. M. Nino Tamassia has specially emphasized, amongst other causes, the part played by the influence of religious congregations and fraternities. [4] The origin of the cities having been so different (see J. Flach, _Les Origines de l'ancienne France_), the causes which predominate in each must have been equally diverse. [5] The _Arte dei Fabbri_, for instance, extended over all the suburbs of Florence. [6] In France, for example, a long war was fought between the guilds and those whom they called _chambrelans_. [7] A similar organization existed at Strasburg. The _Zunft_ (guild) included several _Antwerke_, see Schmoller, _Die Strassburger Tücher und Weberzunft Urkunden und Darstellung_. [8] R. Davidsohn, _Forschungen zur Geschichte von Florenz_. [9] A. Doren, _Entwicklung und Organisation der Florentiner Zünfte_; G. Renard, _La Révolution sociale au XIV^e siècle_. [10] The following may be consulted on this subject: Davidsohn, _Forschungen zur Geschichte von Florenz_, vol. iii. p. 221; Martin-Saint-Léon, _Histoire des corporations de métier_, p. 277; Fagniez, _Documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie et du commerce en France_, vol. ii. pp. 170, 190, 201. [11] H. Hauser, _Ouvriers du temps passé_, p. 40. [12] Martin-Saint-Léon, _Histoire des corporations de métier_, pp. 84, 86, 291; Franklin, _La Vie privée d'autrefois_, p. 78; Fagniez, _Documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie et du commerce en France_, vol. i. p. 309. [13] Hauser, _Ouvriers du temps passé_, pp. 59-76; Boissonnade, _Essai sur l'organisation en Poitou, etc._, pp. 53, 64, 68; Martín-Saint-Léon, _Histoire des corporations de métier_, p. 89 ; Fagniez, _Documents relatifs à l'histoire de l'industrie et du commerce en France_, vol. i. p. 268.