Measure all branches for the several fixtures on the different floors, to the lawn hydrants, etc. Itemize the different kinds and classes of pipes. Estimate lead, brass, and copper water pipes by the pound, and wrought water pipe by the linear foot. Itemize all stop-cocks, pipe supports, straps, hangers, etc. separately. Estimate all water-pipe fittings less than 1½ inches by the pound. Figure on brass solder-nipple connections in all places where lead pipes join iron pipes. Estimate on kitchen boiler, sediment cock, and range connections; also on faucets for all fixtures other than those which are included in the costs of the fixtures. Estimate on garden hydrants and lawn sprinklers, and allow a stop and waste cock in cellar for each. =99. Well Supply.=—For water supplied from a well, figure on double-action force pump in kitchen or laundry if the well is not deeper than 26 feet below the pump; for a deep well, estimate on a pumping engine or a windmill. Measure lead tank linings in square feet, and estimate by the pound, allowing 1 pound of solder for every 2 feet of seams. Allow 2 feet of lead pipe to connect iron pipes to house tank, and for stop-cocks close to tank. Provide for telltale and overflow pipes for tank. Estimate copper tanks in square feet and by the pound. If there are iron, slate, glass, or cedar tanks, figure them separately. =100. Fixtures.=—Estimate each =fixture= separately, and include traps, faucets, waste, vent, and water connections to walls or floors. When the sewer is long and has but little fall, figure on using a grease trap for the kitchen sink. GAS-FITTING =101. Cost.=—The cost of the =gas-fitting= may be approximately figured as about 3 per cent. of the cost of the building. The cost of labor alone varies from about one-fourth to one-seventh of the cost of materials. The better the grade of fixtures, the lower will be the ratio, provided there is no excessive ornamentation requiring much time to put in place, as the cost of the labor is about the same for cheap fixtures as for more costly ones. =102.= Estimate piping the same as for plumbing. Allow for meter, permits, tapping gas main, etc. Figure each gas fixture separately set up in place. The owner usually makes a selection of fixtures from the manufacturer’s catalog. Allow for shields, fireguards, etc. in places where there is danger of fire. Figure gas grates, gas stoves, gas heaters, etc. separately. Where the gas pressure is very high or unsteady, allow for a pressure regulator. PAINTING AND PAPERING PAINTING