=50.= In Fig. 24 (_a_), (_b_), (_c_), and (_d_) are indicated other methods of supporting the secondary floor-beams on main girders in the construction of factories. In Fig. 24 (_a_) is shown an =I=-beam girder supporting heavy timbers of a floor of slow-burning construction. It is always necessary in this construction to bring the top edge of the timbers above the upper flange of the =I= beam, and to span the space _a_ thus created with a piece of timber for a tie and for the support of the floor planking. By providing this space between the ironwork and the wooden tie, any shrinkage that may occur in the secondary timbers will not cause the floor to ride on the top of the steel beam and thus make a ridge evident in the finished floor at this place. The timbers forming the secondary girders may either be supported on angle-iron brackets, or on angle irons extending the entire length of the girder. The latter method is only pursued when it is necessary to keep the end of the timber a few inches away from the steel beam, and the angle, consequently, being subjected to a greater bending moment, must have more resistance by increasing the width of the section of the bracket. [Illustration] [Illustration: FIG. 24] Sometimes, the secondary beams are supported on double stirrup hangers, as shown in Fig. 24 (_b_). When it is not desired to use steel beams, resort is frequently had to flitch-plate girders. They are, however, held in some disfavor by the building departments of the several cities, who do not consider that the combined strength of the timber and metal can be taken, and will only permit the strength of either the timber or metal to be used. =51.= The building departments of several of the large cities stipulate that buildings of the second class, which includes factory construction, shall not have steel girders that are not fireproofed supporting brick walls or floors. When this construction is required, the secondaries must be supported as in Fig. 24 (_c_). In this view is two angle brackets riveted or bolted to the steel beam, and extending through the concrete for the support of the wooden beams. While there is some danger of heat being transmitted to the beams through the projecting ends of these brackets, nevertheless it is considered better construction than that shown in Fig. 24 (_d_), where stirrups are used over the concrete fireproofing. In this latter construction, there is a liability of the stirrup bending at _a_, _a_, and crushing the concrete beneath. Where the reaction from the end of the girder is great, this undoubtedly is likely to occur, and such stirrups should be provided with a bearing plate on top of the concrete, so that their bearing at the edge will be distributed over a considerable area. TRAVELING-CRANE LOADS [Illustration: FIG. 25]