=Carbon Volatilization.= In arc-lamps the heat is so intense that it is believed a part of the carbon-pencil is volatilized, as vapor, before being burned or oxidized by the oxygen of the air. =Carbons, Bare=. (_See_ Bare Carbons.) =Carrying Capacity.= In a current-conductor, its carrying capacity up to the heating-point. It is expressed in amperes. =Cascade.= The arrangement of a series of Leyden-jars in properly insulated stools, or supports, for accumulating frictional electricity. They are arranged in a manner somewhat similar to a battery of galvanic cells, the inner coating of one being connected to the outer coating of the next, and so on through the series. =Case-hardening, Electric.= A process by which the surface of iron is converted into steel by applying a proper carbonaceous material to it while it is being heated by an electric current. =Cautery, Electric.= An electro-surgical appliance for removing diseased parts or arresting hemorrhages. It takes the place of the knife or other cutting instrument. It is a loop of platinum wire heated to whiteness by an electric current. =C.C.= An abbreviation commonly used for cubic-centimeter. It is usually written in small letters, as 50 c.c., meaning 50 cubic-centimeters. =Cell, Electrolytic.= A vessel containing the electrolyte used for electro-plating. =Cell, Regenerated.= A cell restored to its proper functions by a process of recharging. =Cell, Standard.= Meaning the same as battery. The vessel, including its contents, in which electricity is generated. =Cell, Storage.= Two plates of metal, or compounds of metal, whose chemical relations are changed by the passage of an electric current from one plate to the other through an electrolyte in which they are immersed. =Cements, Electrical.= Cements of a non-conducting nature, such as marine glue and sticky compounds, used in electrical work. =Centrifugal Force.= A diametric revolving force which throws a body away from its axis of rotation. A merry-go-round is a simple example of this force. The more rapidly the platform revolves the greater the tendency for those on it to be thrown off and out from the centre. The high velocity attained by the armatures in motors and dynamos would throw the wires out of place and cause them to rub against the surfaces of the field-magnets. Consequently, wire bands or binders are necessary to keep the coils of wire from spreading under the influence of the centrifugal force. =Charge.= The quantity of electricity that is present on the surface of a body or conductor. The component chemical parts that are employed to excite the elements of a cell in generating electric current. =Charge, Residual.= After a Leyden-jar, or other condenser, has been discharged by the ordinary methods, a second discharge (of less amount) can be had after a few minutes’ waiting. This is due to what is known as the residual charge, and is connected in some way with the molecular distortion of the dielectric.