Besides the points of likeness there were differences between the two services. In the case of ship-building, the industry was virtually re-created, so great was the expansion and the revolution in methods. In the case of railroads the emphasis was, as has been seen, on the task of utilizing an existing and limited plant to its utmost capacity for war purposes. WAR'S EFFECT ON SHIPPING The following table, taken from a pamphlet distributed by the Emergency Fleet Corporation six months before the conclusion of the war, gives a perspicuous view of the shipping situation at the opening of military operations in the United States: THE WAR AND WORLD SHIPPING Gross Tons World's shipping (except German and Austrian) August 1, 1914 42,574,537 Additional ships built, August, 1914- December 31, 1917 6,621,003 German and Austrian interned ships available for use of Allies 875,000 ---------- Total 50,070,540 Losses since 1914. Due to ordinary causes. 1,600,000 Due to mines, raiders and submarines: Allies 8,900,119[17] Norway 1,031,778 Other neutrals 400,000 Total 11,931,897 ---------- Balance actual tonnage available 38,138,643 Net decrease since 1914 4,435,894 Add 2 tons constantly required to maintain each man in France (1,500,000 men × 2) 3,000,000 Shortage for merchant traffic, at least 7,435,894 [17] To October, 1917. Another table gives a view of the rates between the building and sinking of ships among the Allied, neutral, and British nations from the beginning of the war to April, 1918: "The world's shipping suffered a net loss of 2,632,279 tons from the beginning of the war to April 1, 1918, the greater part of this having occurred since the beginning of the unrestricted submarine warfare which brought America into the war. This loss is partly due to England's having increased her naval building at the expense of merchant tonnage. While naval construction must not be neglected, some building capacity can be turned back to merchant ship-building in case of extreme need. However, in April, 1918, Great Britain and the United States built 40,000 tons more shipping than was lost, and American construction is still rapidly increasing." AMERICA'S SHIP-BUILDING PROGRAM