The following table shows such series for the most common metals, in three different solutions: _Sulphuric acid._ _Hydrochloric acid._ _Caustic potash._ Zinc Zinc Zinc Cadmium Cadmium Tin Tin Tin Cadmium Lead Lead Antimony Iron Iron Lead Nickel Copper Bismuth Bismuth Bismuth Iron Antimony Nickel Copper Copper Silver Nickel Silver Antimony Silver Gold Platinum Faraday stated several laws of electrolysis, as follows: 1. _The quantity of an ion liberated in a given time is proportional to the quantity of electricity that has passed through the voltameter[10] in that time._ 2. _The quantity of an ion liberated in a voltameter is proportional to the electro-chemical equivalent of the ion._ 3. _The quantity of an ion liberated is equal to the electro-chemical equivalent of the ion multiplied by the total quantity of electricity that has passed._ =Electric Osmose.=--Porret observed that if a strong current be led into certain liquids as if to electrolyze them, a porous partition being placed between the electrodes, the current mechanically carries part of the liquid through the porous diaphragm, so that the liquid is forced to a higher level on one side than on the other. This phenomenon is known as _electric osmose_. =Electric Distillation.=--Closely connected with the preceding phenomenon is that of the _electric distillation of liquids_. It was noticed by Beccaria that _an electrified liquid evaporates more rapidly than one not electrified_. Gernez has recently shown that in a bent closed tube, containing two portions of liquid, one of which is made highly + and the other highly -, the liquid passes over from + to -. This apparent distillation is not due to difference of temperature, nor does it depend on the extent of surface exposed, but is effected by a slow creeping of the liquid along the interior surface of the glass tubes. Bad conductors, such as turpentine, do not thus pass over. [Illustration: FIG. 92.--Effect of the electric current on a frog’s legs; discovered in 1678 by Galvani.] =Muscular Contractions.=--It was discovered in 1678 that when a portion of muscle of a frog’s leg, hanging by a thread of nerve bound with a silver wire, was held over a copper support so that both nerve and wire touched the copper, the muscle immediately contracted.