Ans. It will be easily seen by the aid of a series of illustrations just how the alternating armature currents are transformed into direct current. Figs. 174 to 178 show, in several positions, a single loop of wire with its ends joined to a commutator; the latter has only two segments, one for each end of the loop. In fig. 174 the loop is shown in the vertical position, and it should be noted that the division between the two segments forming the commutator is in the same plane as the loop. When the loop is in the vertical position, as shown in fig. 174, brush M is in contact with segment F, and S with G. As the armature rotates, the current flows for one half revolution in the direction A B, through segment F and out to the external circuit through brush M as shown in figs. 174 and 175, returning through brush S and segment G. At the beginning of the second half of the revolution, fig. 176, the current in the loop reverses and flows in the opposite direction B A as indicated by the arrows. At this instant, however, the brushes M and S pass out of contact with segments F and G, and come into contact with G and F respectively; that is, M leaves F and contacts with G, while S leaves G and contacts with F. The effect of this is _to reverse the connections with the external circuit at the instant the alternation or reversal of current in the armature takes place_, thus keeping the current in the external circuit in the same direction. [Illustration: FIG. 182.--Gramme ring armature with one coil, and characteristic sine curve below. With one coil as shown, there are two pulsations of the current per revolution of the armature.] =Ques. How is this indicated by the sine curve?= Ans. The sine curve, instead of falling below the axis, as in figs. 169 to 173, again rises as in the first half of the period, that is G′H′I′ is identical with E′F′G′. =Ques. Is the direct current indicated by the sine curve in figs. 174 to 178 continuous?= Ans. _No_; it is properly described as a _pulsating current_, or one, constant in direction, but periodically varying in intensity so as to progress in a series of throbbings or pulsations instead of with uniform strength. =Ques. What is generally understood by the word “continuous” as applied to the current obtained from a dynamo?= Ans. It is usually accepted as meaning a steady or non-pulsating direct current; one that has a uniform pressure and constant direction of flow as opposed to an alternating current. =Ques. Is a continuous current ever obtained with a dynamo?= Ans. _No._ [Illustration: FIG. 183.--Gramme ring armature with two coils placed 180° apart. This arrangement gives double the pressure of the one coil armature, fig. 182.]