48 This language is very characteristic of the physicists who dabble in psychology and imagine they are treading in the steps of Kant, if not even verifying what they call his guesswork: cf. Ziehen, _Physiol. Psychologie_, 2nd ed. p. 212. “In every case there is given us only the psychical series of sensations and their memory-images, and it is only a universal hypothesis if we assume beside this psychical series a material series standing in causal relation to it.... The material series is not given equally originally with the psychical.” 49 It is the same radical feature of consciousness which is thus noted by Mr. Spencer, _Psychology_, i. 475. “Perception and sensation are ever tending to exclude each other but never succeed.” “Cognition and feeling are antithetical and inseparable.” “Consciousness continues only in virtue of this conflict.” Cf. Plato’s resolution in the _Philebus_ of the contest between intelligence and feeling (pleasure). 50 It is the quasi-Aristotelian ἀπαγωγή, defined as the step from one proposition to another, the knowledge of which will set the first proposition in a full light. _ 51 Grundlage des Naturrechts_, § 5. _ 52 System der Sittenlehre_, § 8, iv. 53 Even though religion (according to Kant) conceive them as divine commands. 54 Cf. Hegel’s _Werke_, vii. 2, p. 236 (Lecture-note on § 410). “We must treat as utterly empty the fancy of those who suppose that properly man should have no organic body,” &c.; and see p. 159 of the present work. _ 55 Criticism of Pure Reason_, Architectonic. 56 Spencer, _Psychology_, i. 291: “Mind can be understood only by observing how mind is evolved.” 57 Cf. Spencer, _Principles of Ethics_, i. 339: “The ethical sentiment proper is, in the great mass of cases, scarcely discernible.” _ 58 Prolegomena to the Study of Hegel_, p. 143. 59 Windelband (W.), _Präludien_ (1884), p. 288. 60 Cf. Plato, _Republic_, p. 486. _ 61 Human Nature: Morals_, Part III. _ 62 Emotion and Will_, ch. xv. § 23. 63 It is characteristic of the Kantian doctrine to absolutise the conception of Duty and make it express the essence of the whole ethical idea. 64 Which are still, as the Socialist Fourier says, states of social incoherence, specially favourable to falsehood. _ 65 Rechtsphilosophie_, § 4. 66 Cf. Schelling, ii. 12: “There are no _born_ sons of freedom.” 67 Simmel (G.), _Einleitung in die Moralwissenschaft_, i. 184. _ 68 Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, p. 225. 69 Aristot. _Polit._ i. 6. 70 Plato, _Phaedo_. 71 Carus, _Psyche_, p. 1. 72 See Arist., _Anal. Post._ ii. 19 (ed. Berl. 100, a. 10). 73 Cf. _The Logic of Hegel_, notes &c., p. 421. 74 “Omnia individua corpora quamvis diversis gradibus animata sunt.” _Eth._ ii. 13. schol.