Ceterum prae strepitu ac tumultu nec consilium nec imperium accipi poterat, tantumque aberat, ut sua signa atque ordines et locum noscerent, ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque pugnae competeret animus, opprimerenturque quidam onerati magis iis {5} quam tecti. Et erat in tanta caligine maior usus aurium quam oculorum. Ad gemitus vulneratorum ictusque corporum aut armorum et mixtos _strepentium_[31] paventiumque clamores circumferebant ora oculosque. Alii fugientes pugnantium globo illati {10} haerebant; alios redeuntes in pugnam avertebat fugientium agmen. Deinde, ubi in omnes partes nequiquam impetus capti, et ab lateribus montes ac lacus, a fronte et ab tergo hostium acies claudebant, apparuitque nullam nisi in dextera ferroque salutis {15} spem esse, tum sibi quisque dux adhortatorque factus ad rem gerendam et nova de integro exorta pugna est, non illa ordinata per principes hastatosque ac triarios, nec ut pro signis antesignani, post signa alia pugnaret acies; fors conglobabat et animus suus {20} cuique ante aut post pugnandi ordinem dabat; tantusque fuit ardor animorum, adeo intentus pugnae animus, ut eum motum terrae, qui multarum urbium Italiae magnas partes prostravit, nemo pugnantium senserit. {25} LIVY, xxii. 5. [Footnote 31: Var. lect. _terrentium_ = of those causing fear.] [Linenotes: 4. +ad arma capienda aptandaque+ = _to seize and put on for the battle their arms_. --Dimsdale. 5. +onerati:+ i.e. most were cut down in their full marching equipment. 8-9. +mixtos ... clamores+ = _the mingled shouts of noisy triumph_ (+strepentium+) _or dismay_. 10. +pugnantium ... haerebant+ = _rushed upon a knot_ (+globo+) _of combatants, and became entangled with it_. --Jebb. 14. +a fronte+, i.e. by Hannibal’s African and Spanish infantry. +ab tergo+, i.e. by Hannibal’s cavalry and the Gauls. 18-19. +non illa ... triarios+ = _not in that well-known_ (+illa+) _mode of fighting_ (sc. +pugna+) _arranged according to_. . . . Livy refers to the old mode of formation (said to have been introduced by Camillus) of i. +hastati+, _of young men_, ii. +principes+, _of men at their prime_, iii. +triarii+, _of middle-aged men_.] +References:+ Polybius, iii. 82-84; Ihne, _Hist._ vol, i. pp. 204-10. C19 SECOND PUNIC WAR, 218-202 B.C. _The Battle of Lake Trasimene, 217 B.C._ (3) _The Death of Flaminius._