A. Hannibal adversus Scipionem, post elephantos lxxx, qui in prima fronte positi hostium turbarent aciem, auxiliares Gallos et Ligures et Baliares Maurosque posuit, ut neque fugere possent Poenis a tergo stantibus et hostem oppositi, si non infestarent, {5} at certe fatigarent: tum suis et Macedonibus, qui iam fessos Romanos integri exciperent, in secunda acie collocatis, novissimos Italicos constituit, quorum et timebat fidem et segnitiam verebatur, quoniam plerosque eorum ab Italia invitos extraxerat. {10} +Hannibal’s Army.+ It consisted broadly of five classes: 1. His veteran army of Italy, on which he could thoroughly rely, partly Carthaginian, partly Italian (mostly Bruttians). These he placed in his _third_ line. 2. A newly raised force of Carthaginian and Libyan militia. These he placed in his _second_ line. 3. Mercenaries, consisting of Moors, Gauls, Ligurians, the Balearic contingent, and the Spaniards. These he placed in his _first_ line. 4. Carthaginian and Numidian cavalry. These he placed on his _wings_. 5. 80 elephants. These he placed on his _front_, to open the attack. B. Scipio adversus hanc formam robur legionis triplici acie in fronte ordinatum per hastatos et principes et triarios opposuit: nec continuas construxit cohortes, sed manipulis inter se distantibus spatium dedit, per quod elephanti ab hostibus acti {15} facile transmitti sine perturbatione ordinum possent. Ea ipsa intervalla expeditis velitibus implevit, ne interluceret acies, dato his praecepto, ut ad impetum elephantorum vel retro vel in latera concederent. Equitatum deinde in cornua divisit et dextro Romanis {20} equitibus Laelium, sinistro Numidis Masinissam praeposuit: quae tam prudens ordinatio non dubie causa victoriae fuit. FRONTINUS, _Strategemata_, ii. 3. 16. +Scipio’s order of battle.+ Instead of drawing up his manipuli like the black squares of a chessboard--the usual order, so that, in advancing, the manipuli of the three lines could form one unbroken line--he placed them one behind the other, like the rounds of a ladder, so as to leave spaces in the lines, through which the elephants might pass without trampling down or throwing into confusion the infantry battalions, e.g.: +not+ +but+ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * FORMATION OF EMPIRE BEYOND ITALY. C40 SECOND MACEDONIAN WAR, 200-196 B.C. (1) _Battle of Cynoscephalae, 197 B.C._