[Linenotes: 4-5. +aciem ... paterentur+ = _so as to allow their_ (advancing) _line to become disorganised_ (+distrahi+), by the force of its onset. 7. +in suis ... dispositi+ = _by maintaining their proper distances_.] +Scene of the Fight.+ The battle was fought near the town of _Pharsalus_, while the territory of the town was named _Pharsalia_. Cf. Catull. lxiv. 37: +Pharsalum+ _coeunt_, +Pharsalia+ _late frequentant_. +The Battle.+ Pompeius had 47,000 infantry and 7000 cavalry against Caesar’s 22,000 infantry and 1000 cavalry. Pompeius stationed his cavalry and archers on his left, and confidently expected to outflank his enemy’s right. But Caesar, foreseeing the defeat of his cavalry, had stationed behind it in reserve 2000 of his best legionaries. When Caesar’s cavalry fell back outnumbered, this reserve ran forward at the charge, not discharging their _pila_, but using them as spears, and driving them against man and horse. Taken aback by so unusual an infantry attack, the Pompeian cavalry wavered and fled. Caesar’s third line (forming a rear-guard) was now sent forward to support the two front lines, and this decided the battle. --+Result.+ Submission of the East to Caesar. [Illustration: PHARSALUS. [_To face p. 218._] B58 CIVIL WAR, 49-45 B.C. (9) A. _Pharsalus and Cannae compared._ Non aetas haec carpsit edax monimentaque rerum Putria destituit: crimen civile videmus Tot vacuas urbes. Generis quo turba redacta est Humani? Toto populi qui nascimur orbe 400 Nec muros implere viris nec possumus agros; Urbs nos una capit. Vincto fossore coluntur Hesperiae segetes, stat tectis putris avitis In nullos ruitura domus, nulloque frequentem Cive suo Romam, sed mundi faece repletam 405 Cladis eo dedimus, ne tanto in tempore bellum Iam posset civile geri. Pharsalia tanti Causa mali. Cedant feralia nomina Cannae Et damnata diu Romanis Allia fastis. Tempora signavit leviorum Roma malorum: 410 Hunc voluit nescire diem. LUCAN, _Pharsalia_, vii. 397-411. [Linenotes: 397-398. +monimentaque ... destituit+ = _and has abandoned to decay the monuments of the past_. --Haskins. 402. +vincto fossore+ = _by a chained digger_ (delver), in consequence of the dearth of free labour. Cf. Juv. xi. 80 _squalidus in magna ... compede fossor_. 404. +in nullos ruitura+ = _ready to fall, but on the heads of none_. --H. 405. +faece+ = _dregs_. Cf. Juv. iii. 60, 61 _Non possum ferre Quirites_ | _Graecam urbem_ (a Greek Rome); _quamvis_ (and yet) _quota portio_ (how small a fraction) _faecis Achaei_? 406-407. +ne tanto ... geri+ = lit. _so that during the long time since, it is impossible to wage_ +civil+ _war_, i.e. from the dearth of genuine Roman soldiers. 409. +Allia+: 390 B.C. Cf. Vergil. _Aeneid_, vii. 717 _quosque secans infaustum interluit Allia nomen_. 411. +nescire+ = _to ignore_.] B. _The Battlefields of Pharsalus and Philippi._