Of Juvenal’s life very little is certainly known. Thirteen lives of him exist, which are confused and contradictory in detail. From the evidences of the Satires we learn that he lived from early youth at Rome, but went for holidays to Aquinum, a town of the Volscians (where perhaps he was born in the reign of Nero); that he had a small farm at Tibur, and a house in Rome, where he entertained his friends in a modest way; that he had been in Egypt; that he wrote Satires late in life; that he reached his eightieth year, and lived into the reign of Antoninus Pius. He complains frequently and bitterly of his poverty and of the hardships of a dependent’s life. In short, the circumstances of his life were very similar to those of Martial, who speaks of Juvenal as a very intimate friend. The famous inscription at Aquinum--which Duff considers does not refer to the poet but to a wealthy kinsman of his--indicates that he had served in the army as commander of a Dalmatian cohort, and, as one of the chief men of the town, was superintendent of the civic worship paid to Vespasian after his deification. All the Lives assert that Juvenal was banished to Egypt--Juvenal himself never alludes to this--for offence given to an actor who was high in favour with the reigning Emperor (Hadrian according to Prof. Hardy), and that he died in exile. 2. Works. +Saturae+, sixteen, grouped in five Books. Books I-III (Satires 1-9) are sharply divided both in form and substance from Books IV-V (Satires 10-16), which are not satires at all, but moral essays, in the form of letters. The first nine satires present a wonderfully vivid picture of the seamy side of life at Rome at the end of the first century. We must, however, read side by side with them the contemporary Letters of Pliny, in which we find ourselves in a different world from that scourged by the satirist. ‘His chief literary qualities are his power of painting lifelike scenes, and his command of brilliant epigrammatic phrase.’ --Duff. Nothing, for instance, could surpass his picture of the fall of Sejanus (Sat. x. 56-97). His power of coining phrases is seen in these _sententiae_: _nemo repente fuit turpissimus--expende Hannibalem_: _quot libras in duce summo | invenies_: _maxima debetur puero reverentia_: _mens sana in corpora sano_--which are familiar proverbs among educated men. Juvenal tells us that he takes all life, all the world, for his text: _Quidquid agunt homines, Votum, Timor, Ira, Voluptas, Gaudia, Discursus, nostri est farrago libelli_ (the motley subject of my page).--_Sat._ i. 85-6. TITUS LIVIUS PATAVINUS, circ. 59 B.C.-17 A.D. 1. Life. [Sidenote: LIVY.]