[Footnote 196: _Ibid._, ii., 367, 226. The letters relating to this episode in _L. and P._ are often undated and sometimes misplaced; _e.g._, this last is placed under March, although from Nos. 295, 296, 319, 327, 331, we find that Mary did not leave Paris till 16th April.] [Footnote 197: _L. and P._, ii., 468.] [Footnote 198: _Ven. Cal._, ii., 618.] [Footnote 199: _Ven. Cal._, ii., 638.] [Footnote 200: _L. and P._, ii., 436.] [Footnote 201: Brewer's view is that Wolsey saved Suffolk from ruin on this occasion.] [Footnote 202: _Ven. Cal._, ii., 919.] [Footnote 203: _L. and P._, ii., 4057, 4308; iii., 1.] * * * * * This episode threw into the shade the main purpose of Suffolk's embassy to France. It was to renew the treaty concluded the year before, and apparently also the discussions for war upon Spain. Francis was ready enough to confirm the treaty, particularly as it left him free to pursue his designs on Milan. With a similar object he made terms with the Archduke Charles, who this year assumed the government of the Netherlands, but was completely under the control of Chievres, a Frenchman by birth and sympathy, who signed his letters to Francis "your humble servant and vassal".[204] Charles bound himself to marry Louis XII.'s daughter Renee, and to give his grandfather Ferdinand no aid unless he restored Navarre to Jean d'Albret. Thus safeguarded from attack on his rear, Francis set out for Milan. The Swiss had locked all the passes they thought practicable; but the French generals, guided by chamois hunters and overcoming almost insuperable obstacles, transported their artillery over the Alps (p. 086) near Embrun; and on 13th September, at Marignano, the great "Battle of the Giants" laid the whole of Northern Italy at the French King's feet. At Bologna he met Leo X., whose lifelong endeavour was to be found on both sides at once, or at least on the side of the bigger battalions; the Pope recognised Francis's claim to Milan, while Francis undertook to support the Medici in Florence, and to countenance Leo's project for securing the Duchy of Urbino to his nephew Lorenzo. [Footnote 204: _Sp. Cal_., ii., 246.]