throughout the country districts. At one time it looked as though they might replace steam cars for passenger traffic, especially short-haul traffic. There was a complete network of interurban trolley lines in the Eastern and Central Western states by 1910.[121] The trolley is also being used upon hard-surfaced roads without tracks by buses and trucks. Steam railroads running into New York City through the tubes use electric locomotives to draw the trains, thus avoiding the smoke nuisance and the danger therewith connected. The Milwaukee Railroad is using electric locomotives on its mountain division in Montana and Idaho. Electricity is generated by water power; also the trains going down grade are run against a dynamo and storage battery thus acting as a brake as well as renewing the batteries. SELECTED REFERENCES BROWN, WILLIAM H., “History of the First Locomotive in America.” D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1871. BURCH, EDWARD P., “Electric Traction for Railway Trains,” Chap. I (Historical). McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1911. CALLENDER, GUY S., “The Economic History of the United States,” Chapter VIII, “Transportation,” Ginn & Co., New York. Census, U. S. Eleventh (1890) “Transportation on Land.” Census Bureau, U. S. Special Report (1902) “Streets and Electric Railways.” DAVIS, JOHN P., “Union Pacific Railway.” S. C. Griggs & Co., Chicago. DONALDSON, THOMAS, “History of the Public Domain,” Published by order of an act of Congress, 1884. DUNBAR, SEYMOUR, “A History of Travel in America,” 4 volumes. Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis. ERICSSON, JOHN, “Life of” by William C. Church, Chap. IV. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York. HUSBAND, JOSEPH, “The Story of the Pullman Car.” A. C. McClurg & Company, Chicago, 1917. JOHNSON, EMORY R., “Elements of Transportation,” 1909. D. Appleton & Company, New York. LARRABEE, WM., “The Railroad Question,” Shulte Publishing Company, Chicago, 1893. LE ROSSIGNOL, J. E., “Monopolies Past and Present.” T. Y. Crowell Company, New York. LEWIS, GEORGE H., “National Consolidation of Railroads.” Dodd, Mead & Co., New York. Maps of Interurban Lines, Century Atlas. Century Company, New York. MARTIN, E. W., “History of the Grange Movement, or The Farmer’s War against Monopoly.” A subscription book published in 1874. National Publishing Company, Chicago. POORE, HENRY V., “History of Railroads and Canals of the United States,” Vol. I, p. 377. New York, 1860. SANBORN, JOHN B., “Congressional Grants of Land in Aid of Railways.” University of Wisconsin Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 3, Econ. pol. Sci. and Hist. Series. SELFRIDGE, H. GORDON, “The Romance of Commerce.” John Lane, London. SPARKS, E. E., “National Development,” Vol. XXIII, The American Nation Series, Chapter III and IV. Harper & Brothers, New York. U. S. Statutes, 1862-1864, Pacific Railway Acts, Investigation of the Crédit Mobilier.