[175] “Economies of Motor Transport,” by Merrill C. Horine, Engineer International Motor Company, New York City, in the _Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers_, May, 1922. [176] See Simonds’ “History of the World War,” Vols. I and V. [177] “Am. Civ. Eng’s. Pocketbook,” Sec. 15, Art. 4, Wiley & Sons, N. Y. [178] Report of Third International Road Congress, 1913. [179] Bulletin 205, Cornell Agricultural College; Bulletin 136, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Bulletin 49, Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Dept. of Agr. Reports of the 1910 U. S. Census. [180] From Bulletin 136, U. S. Department of Agriculture. [181] _Engineering Record_, Vol. LXXIV, p. 439. [182] See “Highway Engineering,” by G. R. Chatburn, pp. 22 to 28, Wiley & Sons, New York, publishers. [183] Am. Soc. C. E. Proceedings, 1918, p. 2327. [184] “Highway Engineering--Rural Roads and Pavements,” by George R. Chatburn, John Wiley & Sons, New York. [185] “American Highway Engineers’ Handbook,” p. 1360, Wiley & Sons, New York. [186] “The Scientific Selection of Pavements,” by W. W. Crosby, in _Municipal Journal_, May 29, 1913. [187] “Modern Road Building and Maintenance,” by Andrew P. Anderson. CHAPTER IX EFFECT OF EASE AND COST OF TRANSPORTATION ON PRODUCTION AND MARKETING The creation of economic utilities by the application of the mental and physical powers of man to the materials of nature is called production. Grass grew abundantly for thousands of years over the great plains of the Mississippi valley, but there was no production until it was utilized by the hand of man for economical purposes. Just so far as change came to that grass through the application of labor, physical or mental, or stored up in capital, there was production. Productive activities may be classified as those which have to do with: (1) a change in form, (2) a change in place, (3) a change in the potential time of use. Productive activities add to the materials as received other values, namely, form utilities, place utilities, and time utilities. The farmer through the processes of sowing, cultivating and harvesting, is instrumental in changing the elements of nature into grain, of adding form utility; it is transported over the roads and railways to elevators, thus is added place utility; it is there stored until needed thereby the third or time utility is attached. In the illustration just given wheat stored in the bin is considered the finished product. But a finished product of one productive activity may be the raw product of another. For instance, the wheat is taken from the bin and ground into flour, the flour transported to the place of storage, and held as a finished product until it is wanted by another productive activity in which the flour is the raw product. The baker takes the raw product, flour, molds and bakes it into bread, which is held by the merchant for sale. The wheat thus has passed through the