----+----------------------+--------+------------------------ | | | FARE | | +-----+------------------ Date| Between |Distance|Total| Per Mile Cents ----+----------------------+--------+-----+------------------ 1816|New York and Albany | 145 |$7.00| 4 1817|New York to Providence| 200 |10.00| 5 1825|Boston to Portland | 160 | 5.00| 3 1825|Boston to Bath | | 6.00| } 1825|Boston to Augusta | | 7.00| } With meals 1825|Boston to East Port | 275 |11.00| 4 } 1848|New York to Albany | 145 | .50| .3} 1848|New York to Erie | 600 | 7.50| 1.3} 1848|New York to Detroit | 825 | 8.50| 1 } 1848|New York to Chicago | 1520 |12.50| .7}[77] 1848|Baltimore to Richmond | 378 |10.00| } 1848|Tuscaloosa to Mobile | 675 |12.00| } 1848|Boston and New York |Sailing}| | } | to New Orleans |Packet }|40-50| } ----+----------------------+--------+-----+------------------ In 1817 from Rhode Island to New York, $10, approximately 5 cents per mile. =The Government’s Attitude Toward River Improvement.=--The individual states had been encouraging turnpikes, canals, and other interior improvements by subscribing and underwriting stock in private companies authorized to build and operate the improvements. Frequently monopolies were granted to operating companies.[78] States were jealous of each other and hesitated to appropriate money for improvements which would inure to the benefit of another state, and frequently an improvement in one state was worthless unless joining improvements could be made in neighboring states. Many men, believing in a large and unified nation rather than a confederation of several small nations advocated governmental action. Strict constitutionalists and states’ rights men objected. President Madison had vetoed Calhoun’s Bonus Bill for roads and canals upon the ground that the constitution did not vest Congress with power to undertake such improvements.[79] Calhoun had used all the power of his great eloquence based upon the “common defense and general welfare” clause of the constitution in favor of such improvements. He considered it the duty of Congress to “bind the republic together with a perfect system of roads and canals.” He exclaimed that the very extent of the country “exposes us to the greatest of all calamities,--next to the loss of liberty,--and even to that in its consequences--disunion. We are great, and rapidly--I was about to say fearfully growing. This is our pride and our danger; our weakness and our strength. We are under the most imperious obligation to counteract every tendency to disunion.... Whatever impedes the intercourse of the extremes with this, the center of the Republic, weakens the Union.”[80]