[Footnote 179: Manu, ch. 9, sl. 104. Whenever the father wishes, is one of the ordained periods for partition; the second is, when the father has renounced worldly enjoyment and the mother is past child-bearing; and this partition may be enforced (according to Nárada) at the son's desire, though the father object. Partition should also be made, the son desiring it, if the father lead a vicious life, or be suffering under incurable disease; even though the mother's menstruation have not ceased. The third period for partition is, the father's decease. (_M._) Manu divides,--to the eldest two aliquot parts, to the second son one and a half, and to each succeeding son a single part. The Commentator asks, why that division was not adhered to; and he solves his own question by the remark, that it was disliked by the people, and therefore rightly abandoned. This position he supports by several quotations, and by allusion to the abolition or non-observance of other ancient ordinances, _e.g._ the raising up of male heirs by the brother of the husband or others. It is an obvious reflection, that the altered law of distribution is one of the few instances in the Hindu economy where an innate feeling of natural equality has overcome or superseded arbitrary rule--and further, that the change has been brought about by the pressure of the old law upon the privileged casts, who, in common with others, were affected by it.] [Footnote 180: Manu, ch. 9, sl. 206, 208.] [Footnote 181: When the recovered properly is land, he who obtained it shall take a fourth part, the remainder to be equally divided. (_M._) The Commentator supports this view by the authority of Śankha. Manu, ch. 9, sl. 209.] [Footnote 182: Supra, Book 1, sl. 3.] [Footnote 183: Manu, ch. 9, sl. 215.] [Footnote 184: The Commentator refers, in explanation of this sloka, to Manu, ch. 9, sl. 216, _viz._ A son born after a division shall alone inherit the patrimony [_i. e._ the share allotted to the parents (_M._)], or shall have a share of it with the divided brethren, if they return and unite themselves with him.--With respect to the deduction for expenditure, &c., the Commentator explains, that the accumulations of mere income are not to be included in the estate to be repartitioned, and that a previous deduction is to be made for necessary expenditure, _e.g._ the father's debts.] [Footnote 185: but, if she have _stridhana_, only a half share. (_M._)] [Footnote 186: Manu, ch. 9, sl. 118.] [Footnote 187: These varying proportions ofcourse apply only where there are several mothers of differing casts. Manu, ch. 9, sl. 148-157.] [Footnote 188: or escaped notice altogether. (_M._) Manu, ch. 9, sl. 218.] [Footnote 189: Manu, ch. 9, sl. 59, 145, 167, 190.] [Footnote 190: But if the actual father have already a son, his son by another's wife is not his heir. (_M._)] [Footnote 191: _aurasa_ is from _úras_ 'the best,' being the first in order of sons.]