[Footnote 412: Thus Bhaṭṭâchârya (_Hindu Castes and Sects_, p. 127) enumerates eleven classes of Brahmans, who "have a very low status on account of their being connected with the great public shrines," and adds that mere residence in a place of pilgrimage for a few generations tends to lower the status of a Brahmanic family.] [Footnote 413: Thus in Bengal there is a special class, the Barna Brahmans, who perform religious rites for the lower castes, and are divided into six classes according to the castes to whom they minister. Other Brahmans will not eat or intermarry with them or even take water from them.] [Footnote 414: This is extraordinarily like the temple ritual of the ancient Egyptians. For some account of the construction and ritual of south Indian temples see Richards in _J. of Mythic Soc_. 1919, pp. 158-107.] [Footnote 415: But Vedic mantras are used in these ceremonies. The libations of water or other liquids are said to be accompanied by the mantras recited at the Soma sacrifice.] [Footnote 416: At these sacrifices there is no elaborate ritual or suggestion of symbolism. The animal is beheaded and the inference is that Kâlî likes it. Similarly simple is the offering of coco-nuts to Kâlî. The worshipper gives a nut to the pujâri who splits it in two with an axe, spills the milk and hands back half the nut to the worshipper. This is the sort of primitive offering that might be made to an African fetish.] [Footnote 417: See especially the Ambaṭṭha Sûtta (Dig. Nik. 3) and Rhys Davids's introduction.] [Footnote 418: See Weber, _Die Vajrasuchi_ and Nanjio, Catal. No. 1303. In Ceylon at the present day only members of the higher castes can become Bhikkhus.] [Footnote 419: But it is said that in Southern India serious questions of caste are reported to the abbot of the Sringeri monastery for his decision.] [Footnote 420: The modern Lingâyats demur to the statement that their founder rejected caste.] [Footnote 421: So too in the cakras of the Śâktists all castes are equal during the performance of the ceremony.] [Footnote 422: Some (Khandelwals, Dasa Srimalis and Palliwals) include both Jains and Vaishnavas: the Agarwals are mostly Vaishnavas but some of them are Jains and some worship Śiva and Kâlî. Jogendra Nath Bhattacharya, _Hindu Castes and Sects_, pp. 205 ff.] [Footnote 423: The names used are not the same. The four Vedic castes are called _Varṇa_: the hundreds of modern castes are called _Jâti._] [Footnote 424: Sampradâya seems to be the ordinary Sanskrit word for sectarian doctrine. It means traditional teaching transmitted from one teacher to another.] [Footnote 425: I am discussing elsewhere the possible debt which Christianity and Hinduism may owe to one another.] [Footnote 426: Pâṇini, IV. 3. 95-98.] [Footnote 427: Kaṭhâ Up. I. 1. 2, 23.] [Footnote 428: R.V. X. 125.] [Footnote 429: Compare too the hymns of the R.V. to Varuṇa as a rudimentary expression of Bhakti from the worshipper's point of view.]