[Footnote 529: Except in the first chapter.] [Footnote 530: A complete list of them is given in Foulkes, _Catechism of the Shaiva religion_, 1863, p. 21.] [Footnote 531: _Tamilian Antiquary_, 3, 1909, pp. 1-65.] [Footnote 532: Edited and translated by Pope, 1900.] [Footnote 533: Established opinion or doctrine. Used by the Jains as a name for their canon.] [Footnote 534: Thus the catechism of the Śaiva religion by Sabhapati Mudaliyar (transl. Foulkes, 1863) after stating emphatically that the world is created also says that the soul and the world are both eternal. Also just as in the Bhagavad-gîtâ the ideas of the Vedanta and Sâṅkhya are incongruously combined, so in the Tiruvaçagam (_e.g._ Pope's edition, pp. 49 and 138) Śiva is occasionally pantheized. He is the body and the soul, existence and non-existence, the false and the true, the bond and the release.] [Footnote 535: _E.g._ Hymn vi.] [Footnote 536: Pope's _Tiruvaçagam_, p. 257.] [Footnote 537: Yet I have read that American revivalists describe how you play base ball (an American game) with Jesus.] [Footnote 538: Pope's _Tiruvaçagam_, p. 101.] [Footnote 539: It does not seem to me that the legend of Śiva's drinking the hala-hala poison is really parallel to the sufferings of the Christian redeemer. At the most it is a benevolent exploit like many performed by Vishṇu.] [Footnote 540: Although Śiva is said to have been many times incarnate (see for instance _Catechism of the Shaiva religion_, p. 20) he seems to have merely appeared in human form on special occasions and not to have been like Christ or Kṛishṇa a god living as a man from birth to death.] [Footnote 541: The lines which seem most clearly to reflect Christian influence are those quoted by Caldwell from the Nana nuru in the introduction to his _Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian languages_, p. 127, but neither the date of the work nor the original of the quotation is given. This part of the introduction is omitted in the third edition.] [Footnote 542: _Tamilian Antiquary_, 4, 1909, pp. 57-82.] [Footnote 543: _Ib._ pp. 1-57; Sesha Aiyer gives 275 A.D. as the probable date, and 375 as the latest date.] [Footnote 544: The Śaiva catechism translated by Foulkes says (p. 27) that Śiva revealed the Tiruvaçagam twice, first to Manikka-Vaçagar and later to Tiru-Kovaiyar.] [Footnote 545: Sanskrit, _Siddha._] [Footnote 546: Space forbids me to quote the Śiva-vâkyam and Paṭṭaṇaṭṭu Piḷḷai, interesting as they are. The reader is referred to Gover, _Folk-Songs of southern India_, 1871, a work which is well worth reading.] [Footnote 547: The date of the Skanda Purâṇa creates no difficulty for Bendall considered a MS. of it found in Nepal to be anterior to 659 A.D.] [Footnote 548: One of his maxims was _adu, adu âdal_, that is the mind becomes that (spiritual or material) with which it identifies itself most completely.]