Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3Eliot, Charles
Religion
Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3
Eliot, Charles
Asia -- Religion; Buddhism; Hinduism
The selection of reliefs is not due to the artists' fancy but aims at
illustrating certain works. Thus the scenes of the Buddha's life reproduce
in stone the story of the Lalita Vistara[410] and the Jâtaka pictures are
based on the Divyâvadâna. It is interesting to find that both these works
are connected with the school of the Mûlasarvâstivâdins, which according
to I-Ching was the form of Buddhism prevalent in the archipelago. In the
third gallery the figure of Maitreya is prominent and often seems to be
explaining something to a personage who accompanies him. As Maitreya is
said to have revealed five important scriptures to Asaṇga, and as there
is a tradition that the east of Asia was evangelized by the disciples of
Asaṇga or Vasubandhu, it is possible that the delivery and progress of
Maitreya's revelation is here depicted. The fourth gallery seems to deal
with the five superhuman Buddhas[411], their paradises and other
supra-mundane matters, but the key to this series of sculptures has not
yet been found. It is probable that the highest storey proved to be too
heavy in its original form and that the central dagoba had to be reduced
lest it should break the substructure. But it is not known what image or
relic was preserved in this dagoba. Possibly it was dedicated to Vairocana
who was regarded as the Supreme Being and All-God by some Javanese
Buddhists[412].
The creed here depicted in stone seems to be a form of Mahayanism.
Śâkyamuni is abundantly honoured but there is no representation of
his death. This may be because the Lalita Vistara treats only of his
early career, but still the omission is noteworthy. In spite of the
importance of Śâkyamuni, a considerable if mysterious part is
played by the five superhuman Buddhas, and several Bodhisattvas,
especially Maitreya, Avalokita and Manjuśrî. In the celestial
scenes we find numerous Bodhisattvas both male and female, yet the
figures are hardly Tantric and there is no sign that any of the
personages are Brahmanic deities.
Yet the region was not wholly Buddhist. Not far from Boroboedoer and
apparently of about the same age is the Sivaite temple of Banon, and
the great temple group of Prambanam is close to Kalasan and to the
other Buddhist shrines mentioned above. It consists of eight temples
of which four are dedicated to Brahmâ, Śiva, Vishṇu and Nandi
respectively, the purpose of the others being uncertain. The largest
and most decorated is that dedicated to Śiva, containing four
shrines in which are images of the god as Mahâdeva and as Guru, of
Ganeśa and of Durgâ. The balustrade is ornamented with a series of
reliefs illustrating the Ramayana. These temples, which appear to be
entirely Brahmanic, approach in style the architecture of eastern Java
and probably date from the tenth century, that is about a century
later than the Buddhist monuments. But there is no tradition or other
evidence of a religious revolution.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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