[Footnote 690: See Beal, _Catena of Buddhist Scriptures_, p. 398. The Emperor says: "So we, the Ruler of the Empire ... do hereby bring before men a mode for attaining to the condition of supreme Wisdom. We therefore earnestly exhort all men ... carefully to study the directions of this work and faithfully to follow them."] [Footnote 691: Nanjio, Cat. 1620. See also _ib._ 1032 and 1657 for the Empress's sûtra.] [Footnote 692: Or Kalima [Chinese: ] In Tibetan Karma de bshin gshegs-pa. He was the fifth head of the Karma-pa school. See Chandra Das's dictionary, _s.v._, where a reference is given to kLong-rdol-gsung-hbum. It is noticeable that the Karma-pa is one of the older and more Tantric sects.] [Footnote 693: [Chinese: ], [Chinese: ]. Yüan Shih K'ai prefixed to this latter the four characters [Chinese: ]] [Footnote 694: See Yule, _Cathay and the Way Thither_, pp. 75 ff.] [Footnote 695: When Ying Tsung was carried away by the Mongols in 1449 his brother Ching-Ti was made Emperor. Though Ying Tsung was sent back in 1450, he was not able to oust Ching-Ti from the throne till 1457.] [Footnote 696: [Chinese: ], [Chinese: ]] [Footnote 697: [Chinese: ] His real name was Wang Shou Jên [Chinese: ]] [Footnote 698: [Chinese: ]] [Footnote 699: Though the ecclesiastical study of Sanskrit decayed under the Ming dynasty, Yung-lo founded in 1407 a school of language for training interpreters at which Sanskrit was taught among other tongues.] [Footnote 700: [Chinese: ]] [Footnote 701: [Chinese: ]] [Footnote 702: De Groot, _l.c._ p. 93.] [Footnote 703: Some authorities say that he became a monk before he died, but the evidence is not good. See Johnston in _New China Review_, Nos. 1 and 2, 1920.] [Footnote 704: See _T'oung Pao_, 1909, p. 533.] [Footnote 705: See E. Ludwig, _The visit of the Tcshoo Lama to Peking_, Tien Tsin Press, 1904.] [Footnote 706: The Ta-yün-lung-ch'ing-yü-ching. Nanjio's Catalogue, Nos. 187-8, 970, and see Beal, _Catena of Buddhist Scriptures_, pp. 417-9.] [Footnote 707: See for an account of his visit "The Dalai Lamas and their relations with the Manchu Emperor of China" in _T'oung Pao_, 1910, p. 774.] CHAPTER XLIV CHINA (_continued_) THE CANON