9. _Measurements of the long bones_ of the limbs. These are best made by means of a graduated rod with fixed and movable limbs, resembling a large pair of callipers. Such a rod is supplied (as indicated above) by Messrs. Hermann. The bones to be measured are six in number for each side of the body, viz.:—those of the upper arm and thigh (humerus and femur); then two for the forearm (called radius and ulna, the former being the shorter); and two for the leg (called tibia and fibula, the former, or shin-bone, being the larger). The extreme or maximum length is measured in each case, excepting those of the femur and tibia. i. The femur is measured obliquely, that is, from its ball-like head to a line touching _both_ prominences at the lower end, as shown at B in Fig. 4. This represents the position of the bone in a person standing erect. ii. The spiny processes on the upper end of the tibia are not included in the measurement of its length. Immature limb-bones are recognised by the line which demarcates the extreme ends, or epiphyses, from the shaft (or diaphysis). Sexual differences are chiefly indicated by greater length, stoutness, and also by the development of osseous ridges in male bones. [Illustration: FIG. 4.—Position of the thigh-bone for measurement of its length.] 10. The measurements of the long bones are used in estimating the _stature_. Special notice is to be paid to individuals of giant or of dwarf stature. In this connection particular mention should be made in the following instances:— (_a_) Where the thigh bone measures more than 52 cm., or less than 36 cm. (_b_) Where the shin bone measures more than 42 cm., or less than 28 cm. (_c_) Where the fibula measures more than 41 cm., or less than 28 cm. (_d_) Where the upper arm bone measures more than 37 cm., or less than 26 cm. (_e_) Where the ulna measures more than 29 cm., or less than 20 cm. (_f_) Where the radius measures more than 27 cm., or less than 19 cm. (only adult bones being considered, and the sex, where known, recorded). 11. Adult skulls will also excite attention when the horizontal circumference (measured in accordance with the directions provided above) is greater than 56 cm., or less than 47 cm. VI. INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.[16] _By SIR JOHN SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D., formerly Secretary, R.G.S._ The kind of information desired under this heading may be summed up in the three following questions, so far as uncivilised or semi-civilised countries are concerned:— (1.) What are the available resources of the country that may be turned to industrial or commercial account? (2.) What commercial products can find an available market in the country? (3.) What are the facilities for or hindrances to intercourse between the country and the rest of the world? Or, briefly, (1) Resources; (2) Wants; (3) Accessibility.