_Treatment._—This is for the most part entirely symptomatic. Medical attention and good nursing are essential. A vaccine has been introduced and is worth trying, but vaccine treatment is best left to an expert. It is sometimes necessary to give morphia for the joint pains and the neuralgia, but there is a distinct risk of the patient’s acquiring the morphia habit. Sleeplessness, which is often troublesome, should be treated as indicated on page 235. _Urine, Retention of._ Retention of, or inability to pass the water may be caused by stricture, injury, shock, spasm, inflammation of some part of the passage, the effects of drinking, or by chill. _Symptoms._—The bladder is unable to expel its contents and it gets fuller and fuller; it can be felt in its distended condition as a painful, soft swelling in the lower part of the belly, below the navel, underneath the skin and muscles. There may be fever, great pain and constant desire to pass water, with inability to do so. When the bladder becomes greatly distended, there is usually slight dribbling of water, which is somewhat misleading, as the case may be considered, not one of retention but rather of too frequent passing of urine. _Treatment._—Give a saline purge such as Epsom salts, three or four teaspoonfuls, and let the patient sit in a bath of hot water. If not relieved very quickly, then pass a _clean_ catheter into the bladder, and allow it to empty itself (_see_ Catheters, p. 272). After the bladder has been emptied put the patient to bed and give a dose of opium or bromide of potassium to procure rest. When he desires to pass water again let him have another bath, and if this is not effectual, again withdraw the water through a catheter. Patient should be careful to ward off further attacks by avoiding chills, over-drinking, and other exciting causes. If there is inflammation of the bladder, copaiba or sandal-wood capsules should be used; if the urine is irritating, bicarbonate of soda must be given. _Urine, Suppression of._ In this serious condition no urine is secreted by the kidneys, so that on passing a catheter the bladder will be found to be empty. _Causes._—Shock from injury, inflammation and blocking up of the kidneys. Suppression of the urine is a common complication of severe cases of blackwater fever. _Treatment._—Hot baths, hot poultices to the loins, free use of aperients, especially Epsom salts and other saline purges. Bicarbonate of soda in full doses. Keep the skin acting freely by means of sweet nitre, or Warburg’s tincture, or five-grain doses of antipyrine. Injections of hot water into the lower bowel. _Worms._ Worms are introduced into the system chiefly by means of dirty water or imperfectly cooked food. In the case of hook worms (ankylostomes), contaminated soil is the chief medium of infection. Of the worms which live in the bowels the most important are the following: