Remove all tight clothing from about the patient’s neck and chest; also braces, belt, etc. Kneel at the patient’s head, grasp his arms just above the elbows, draw them gently and steadily upwards above his head, and keep them stretched in that position for two seconds (Fig. 4). (By this means air is drawn into the lungs.) [Illustration: FIG. 4.] Reverse the movement, and press the patient’s arms gently but firmly against the sides of the chest, keeping them in this position for two seconds (Fig. 5). (By this means air is pressed out of the lungs.) [Illustration: FIG. 5.] Repeat these movements alternately and regularly, about fifteen times a minute, until natural breathing takes place, or as long as there is any hope of saving the patient. It may be necessary to continue the movements for as long as an hour. While these movements are being carried out the wet clothing may be removed, the body gently dried, and the patient wrapped up in dry blankets. 2. _To promote warmth and circulation._ Rub the limbs and body vigorously with dry towels and flannels, always rubbing from the extremities towards the heart. Apply hot-water bottles, hot flannels, or hot bricks to the feet, armpits, the pit of the stomach, and between the thighs. Immediately the power of swallowing returns, administer hot coffee, spirits and warm water, etc. Put the patient to bed between hot blankets as soon as possible. _Fractures._ [Illustration: FIG. 6.—DIAGRAM OF THE HUMAN SKELETON, GIVING THE NAMES AND POSITIONS OF THE CHIEF BONES.] A _simple fracture_ is one in which, though the bone or bones are broken, the protecting skin is _not_ broken. A _compound fracture_ is one in which the skin, etc., is broken or cut across, so that the fracture is more or less exposed to the air. The end of either fragment of the broken bone may protrude through the skin. A _comminuted fracture_ is one in which the bone is broken into several pieces; such a fracture may be either simple or compound. In a simple fracture great gentleness should be used in handling the parts, so as not to convert it into a compound fracture; therefore, do not undress the part; rather cut away the clothing. A fracture which is compound is usually serious, for dirt and germs are liable to be carried into the wound and cause great mischief; in gunshot wounds, dirt or pieces of clothing may be carried into the wound. The signs of a fracture are, firstly, the patient’s own feelings, _e.g._, the pain which is caused on handling the part, sudden loss of power, and the sensation of grating. Secondly, on examination, most if not all of the following signs will be observed: inability of patient to move the part below the injury, swelling, unnatural movement below the site of fracture, alteration in appearance of the limb.