It was necessary to quote in full from this older paper, to shew that Ehrlich regarded the granules as the special carriers of the cell function so long ago as 1883, a view that Altmann advocated many years later, under the name "theory of bioblasts." Altmann's ever repeated assertion that no one before him had allotted so high an importance to the granules is consequently in disagreement with the facts we have above made sufficiently clear. The importance Altmann ultimately gave to the granules, which he also calls by the name "=Ozonophores=" is shewn by his own words (_Elementary Organisms_, 1st edit., p. 39): "Our conception of the ozonophores may therefore replace that of the living protoplasm, at least so far as vegetative function is concerned; and may serve us as an explanation of complicated organic processes. Once again, shortly summarising the properties of the ozonophores; as oxygen carriers they can perform reduction and oxydation, and can thus effect the decompositions and syntheses of the body, without losing their own individuality." In the meantime Ehrlich had made various observations which could not be completely brought into line with his own earlier hypothesis or the far-reaching conclusions of Altmann. Studies in particular on the oxygen requirements of the organism, shewed that the "ozonophores" could certainly not be an important part of the cell. In addition it was found that normally cells occur in which no granules can be recognised by ordinary methods. Finally a pathological observation made untenable the view that the granules are the bearers of the cell function. In a case of pernicious anaemia (cp. _Farbenanalytische untersuchungen_) Ehrlich found the polynuclear cells of the blood and bone-marrow and their early forms free from all neutrophil granulation. On the grounds of this observation Ehrlich returned to his original assumption that the granules are secretory products of the cells, and defined his standpoint at that time as follows: "Did the neutrophil granulations really represent the bodies which supply these cells with oxygen, as Altmann supposes, a condition such as we have here brought forward would be impossible, since with the disappearance of the granules death of the cells must follow. But from the point of view of the secretion theory the condition described is easily explainable. Just as under certain conditions fat-cells may completely lose their contents without dying, so the bone-marrow cell, if the blood fails to yield to it the necessary substances, may occasionally be unable to produce more neutrophil granules. And thus it becomes non-granular."