[43] Answers to several of the questions suggested above are now supplied in the book already referred to, by GENTILE: _La Filosofia di Marx_. [44] _Antidühring_, pt. I. ch. xlii., especially pp. 138-145, which passage is translated into Italian in the appendix to the book by Labriola referred to above: _Discorrendo di socialismo e di filosophia_, _cf._ _Das Kapital_, I. p. xvii, 'Gelingt dies und spiegelt sich nun das Leben des stoffs ideell wieder, _so mag es aussehen_, als habe man es mit einer Konstruction a priori zu thun.' [45] LANGE, indeed, in reference to Marx's _Das Kapital_, remarked that the Hegelian dialectic, 'the development by antithesis and synthesis, might almost be called an _anthropological discovery_. Only in history, as in the life of the individual, development by antithesis _certainly does not accomplish itself so easily and radically, nor with so much precision and symmetry as in speculative thought_.' (_Die Arbeiterfrage_, pp. 248-9.) [46] With regard to the _abstract_ classes of Marxian economics and the _real_ or _historical_ classes, see some remarks by SOREL in the article referred to in the _Journal des Economistes_, p. 229. [47] G. GENTILE, _o.c._ in _Studî storici_, p. 421. _cf._ 400-401. [48] Labriola has indeed an exaggerated dislike for what he calls the _scholastic_: but even this exaggeration will not appear wholly unsuitable as a reaction against the method of study which usually prevails among the mere men of letters, the niggardly scholars, the empty talkers and jugglers with abstract thought, and all those who lose their sense of close connection between science and life. [49] _Discorrendo di socialismo e di filosophia_, l. ix. [50] _In torno alla storia della cultura_ (Kulturgeschichtein _Atti_ dell Accad. Pont.; vol. xxv. 1895, p. 8.) [51] 'If by Christianity is meant merely the sum of the beliefs and expectations concerning human destiny, these beliefs'--writes Labriola--'vary as much, in truth, as in the difference, to mention only one instance, between the free will of the Catholics after the Council of Trent, and the absolute determination of Calvin!' (_L.c._ ix.) [52] Without referring to the somewhat unmethodical work of Westermarck, _History cf Human Marriage_, see especially Ernst Grosse's book, _Die Formen der Familie und die Formen der Wirthschaft_, Freiburg in B., 1896. [53] This connection is shortly but carefully dealt with by INGRAM, _History of Political Economy_, Edinburgh, A. & C. Black, 1888, p. 62. [54] See, amongst many passages, MARX, _Misère de la philosophie_, p. 167, _et seq._ ENGELS, _Antidühring_, p. 1, _et seq._ [55] On the hedonistic maxima, _cf._ Bertolini-Pantaleoni, _Cenni sul concetto di massimi edonistici individuali e collectivi_ (_in Giorn, degli Econ._, s II vol. iv.) and Coletti, in the same _Giornale_, vol. v.