Othman p. 132 1301 The Popes retire to Avignon for seventy years p. 143 (_L'Art_) 1305 Orchan, successor to Othman, originates the institution of Janizaries p. 134 (_L'Art_) 1326-1360 Battle of Cressy p. 140 1346 Battle of Poitiers, p. 140 1356 Wicliffe, p. 139 1360 Amurath institutes the Janizaries pp. 113, 215, 218 (_Gibbon_) 1370 Conquests of Timour p. 32 (_L'Art_) 1370, etc. Schismatical Pontiffs for thirty-eight years p. 143 (_L'Art_) 1378-1417 Battle of Nicopolis p. 146 (_L'Art_) 1393 Timour defeats and captures Bajazet p. 144 (_L'Art_) 1402 Timour at Samarcand pp. 38, 45 (_L'Art_) 1404 Timour dies on his Chinese expedition p. 46 1405 Henry the Fourth of England dies, p. 141 1413 Battle of Agincourt pp. 140, 145 1415 Huss p. 140 1415 Henry the Fifth of England dies p. 142 1422 Maid of Orleans p. 141 1428 Battle of Varna p. 147 (_L'Art_) 1442 Constantinople taken by the Ottomans p. 147 1453 John Basilowich rescues Russia from the Moguls p. 47 (_L'Art_) about 1480 Luther p. 140 1517 Soliman the Great pp. 148, 192 1520 St. Pius the Fifth p. 153 1568 Battle of Lepanto pp. 156, 189 1571 II. PERSONAL AND LITERARY CHARACTER OF CICERO. (_From the_ ENCYCLOPAEDIA METROPOLITANA _of 1824_.) PREFATORY NOTICE. If the following sketch of Cicero's life and writings be thought unworthy of so great a subject, the Author must plead the circumstances under which it was made. In the spring of 1824, when his hands were full of work, Dr. Whately paid him the compliment of asking him to write it for the _Encyclopaedia Metropolitana_, to which he was at that time himself contributing. Dr. Whately explained to him that the Editor had suddenly been disappointed in the article on Cicero which was to have appeared in the _Encyclopaedia_, and that in consequence he could not allow more than two months for the composition of the paper which was to take its place; also, that it must contain such and such subjects. The Author undertook and finished it under these conditions. In the present Edition (1872) he has in some places availed himself of the excellent translations of its Greek and Latin passages, made by the Reverend Henry Thompson in the Edition of 1852. MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO PAGE