[263] A rise of the exchange value of the specific product of labor compensates for superior disutility by enabling the laborer to purchase things of higher esteem value with his enhanced wages. In other words, we have been explaining the familiar doctrine that wages tend to be higher in employments of higher cost. If a laborer were free to choose the precise length of his own working day, he would stop when the final disutility of the labor and the utility of the commodities purchased by the marginal increment of wages are equivalent. [264] Or, as Walsh states, it may also be defined as the article’s purchasing power over all goods including itself. This is not the same concept, but is one equally entitled to the name “general purchasing power.” _Op. cit._, p. 13. [265] The meaning of this condition, it is hoped, will be apparent from the discussion in section 6. [266] See p. 151. [267] See p. 151. [268] This proposition is stated loosely as being that an increase of supply lowers value by reducing marginal utility. In many cases, exchange value is lowered by a decline of marginal utilities, but not always. See p. 152-4. [269] Compare p. 160. [270] See p. 179. [271] Even as economic quantities go. For concept of total pain cost see p. 182. [272] See p. 183. INDEX OF AUTHORS MENTIONED. Böhm-Bawerk, 62, 68, 95, 135, 147-9. Cairnes, 9, 14, 29, 80n, 93n, 111, chap. x, 128, 134. Clark, J. B., 37, 59, 108, 120n, 133n, 166-71, 178, 183-7. Davenport, H. J., 136. Dietzel, H., 45, 136, 137, 138n, 153. Fetter, F. A., 187n. Giddings, F. H., 120n. Gossen, 37, 128, 166. Green, D. S., 136. Ingram, J. K., 18n. Jevons, 37, 98, 114, 128. Lauderdale, 89. Lloyd, W. F., 128. Longfield, Mountifort, 128. Macvane, S. M., 149n, 183n. Malthus, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 21, 26, 37, 41, 50, 52, 63, 74, chap. vii, 93n, 94, 95, 102, 104-5, 112, 132, 139, 163n. Marshall, 9, 14, 80n, 115, 133n, 150, 151n, 163n, 165n, 175n, 194. Marx, 36, 42, 47, 61, 64-70, 129, 132n. McCulloch, 9, 11, 31n, 42, chap. vi, 93, 95, 101. Menger, 20, 89, 128, 143, 145, 171. Mill, James, 9, 11, 31n, chap. vi, 87n, 93. Mill, J. S., 9, 14, 15, 56, 80n, 89, chap. ix, 115, 116, 121, 133-4. Pantaleoni, 141n. Ricardo, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 26, 27, 31, 35, 36, chap. v, 61, 62, 64, 68, 69, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82-8, 89, 90, 91, 93n, 94, 101, 102-3, 104-5, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112-13, 124-6, 129, 130-2, 133, 137, 163n, 182, 185. Roscher, 167. Say, J. B., 14, 44, 46, 89, 93n, 94, 97, 101, 129. Scrope, 95n. Seligman, 128. Senior, 9, 41, chap. viii, 104-5, 106, 112-13, 114, 116, 123, 133. Smart, Wm., 152, 169n. Smith, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, chaps. ii-iv, 41, 43, 44, 45, 50, 56, 80, 81, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 98, 128, 129-30, 137, 138n, 139, 181. Torrens, 9, 11, 32n, chap. vi, 89, 93, 95, 138. Walras, 128. Walsh, C. M., 140n, 141, 191n.