[42] Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_ (1906), vol. i, p. 283. [43] The system of collective responsibility arises in part, it is true, from the belief that sin is contagious and infects all persons related to the transgressor. Therefore the innocent members of the family or group of the transgressor may be put out of the way as a merely preventive measure--not as a measure of justice or punishment. But the ethical element is seldom or never absent and it is this which gives the conception its importance for the student of morals. [44] “Outlawry from the clan is the most effective of all weapons, because in primitive society the exclusion of a man from his kinsfolk means he is delivered over to the first comer absolutely without protection.”--HOBHOUSE, _Morals in Evolution_ (1906), vol. i, p. 90. [45] Gen. iv. 13, 14. [46] “Blood atonement ... was one of the very earliest cases we can find in which there was a notion of duty and social obligation.”--SUMNER, _Folkways_ (1907), p. 506. [47] “It [the feud] is the Southern sense of the solidarity of the family in opposition to extreme Northern individualism.”--WINES, _Punishment and Reformation_ (1895), p. 33. [48] On the _Lex talionis_ consult Westermarck, _The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_ (1906), vol. i, pp. 177 ff.; Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_ (1906), vol. i, pp. 84 ff.; Spencer, _Principles of Ethics_ (1892), vol. i, pp. 369 ff. The principle embodied in the _Lex talionis_ has played a large part in the jurisprudence of all peoples. [49] _The Religion of the Semites_ (1894), p. 267. [50] Seeck (_Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt_ (1901), Bd. i, S. 200) reminds us how the ancient German player when he had lost in a game where the stake was his own liberty, honorably gave himself up as the slave of the winner. [51] _The Truth about the Congo_ (1907), p. 29. [52] “Throughout tribal life the stranger is a menace; he is a being to be plundered because he is a being who plunders.... Native houses are often left for days or weeks, and it would be easy for any one to enter and rob them. Yet robbery among themselves is not common. To steal, however, from a white employer ... is no sin.”--STARR, _The Truth about the Congo_ (1907), pp. 28 f. [53] See VI, International Ethics: the New International Conscience, in Chapter XVIII. [54] On this subject see Westermarck, _The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_ (1906), vol. i, chap. xxiv, “Hospitality.” [55] Speaking of the duty of hospitality among the early Greeks, Farnell says, “The sanctity of the stranger guest ... was almost as great as the sanctity of the kinsman’s life” (_The Cults of the Greek States_ (1896), vol. i, p. 73).