[355] _Ibid._ v. 11, 12. [356] _Ibid._ viii. 5, 6. [357] _Ibid._ v. 21. [358] _Ibid._ v. 22. [359] _Ibid._ v. 24. [360] Hosea vi. 6. [361] To Amos and Hosea, Yahweh is simply the supreme god, the suzerain of all other gods. [362] Is. ii. 3, 4; cf. Micah iv. 1–3. See Driver, _Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament_ (1897), p. 229, for the opinion of different commentators on the possible exilic or postexilic date of these passages. [363] Is. i. 11–17. [364] Micah vi. 6–8. [365] Wellhausen, _Prolegomena to the History of Israel_ (1885), p. 414. [366] This festival was probably of Babylonian origin. It was associated with astronomical phenomena--with the seven planets of ancient astronomy and with the phases of the moon. [367] The feast of Purim is another transformed festival; “Babylonian in origin, it was given a Jewish dress and became incorporated into the system of Jewish observances” (David Philipson, _The Reform Movement in Judaism_ (1907), p. 3). [368] Thus the festival of Dionysus, which “in its origin was a mere burst of primitive animal spirits, is transmuted into a complex and beautiful work of art” (Dickinson, _The Greek View of Life_, p. 14). [369] Deut. vi. 14. [370] Montefiori, _Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion_ (1892), p. 197. [371] _Prolegomena to the History of Israel_ (1885), p. 402. Renan speaks of Deuteronomy in the same strain: “This Thora was the worst enemy of the universal religion which the prophets of the eighth century had in their dreams” (_History of the People of Israel_ (1891), vol. iii, p. 175). [372] Cf. Chapter XVI. The persecutions of the medieval Church were largely the outcome of this legislation which made the extermination of God’s enemies, that is, idolators and misbelievers, a pious duty. “The terrible _Directorium Inquisitorum_ of Nicholas Eymeric follows Deuteronomy word for word” (Renan, _History of the people of Israel_ (1891), vol. iii, p. 179). [373] Deut. xx. 16. [374] _Ibid._ vii. 2. [375] _Jewish Religious Life after the Exile_ (1898), p. 45. The teachings of this same intolerant monolatry has, down to the present day, exerted a retarding influence upon the development of international morality, especially upon the war ethics of the Christian nations. [376] We meet with the same phenomenon in medieval times. The Christian Church, which was so harsh in its dealings with misbelievers, was a tender mother toward the poor and the afflicted of the faith. [377] The origin of these cities may date from a much earlier time than the reform under King Josiah. The code may simply register changes already effected in the customary law. See Nathaniel Schmidt, _The Prophet of Nazareth_ (1905), p. 61. [378] Deut. iv. 41, 42; xix. 1–13. [379] Deut. xv. 7, 8. [380] _Ibid._ xxiv. 6. [381] _Ibid._ xxiv. 12, 13. [382] _Ibid._ xxiv. 17. [383] _Ibid._ xxiv. 14, 15.