[658] “One may find ... the chief characteristic of the period of the migrations in a complete uprooting of public morality, a universal overturning of inherited conceptions of right and wrong.”--FRANCKE, _Social Forces in German Literature_, 2d ed., p. 12. [659] _Parliament of Religions_ (1893), vol. i, pp. 574 f.; consult also Bryce, _Studies in History and Jurisprudence_ (1901), vol. ii, p. 237. [660] _Qur’ân_, tr. Palmer (Sacred Books of the East, vols. vi, ix), suras ii. 184–189, 212–215; iv. 90; viii. 40; ix. 5–14, 29; xlvii. 4, and many others. [661] _Ibid._ suras ii. 149; iii. 151; ix. 113. [662] Sura xxiv. 33. The New Testament nowhere inculcates the manumission of slaves, but the spirit of its teachings is opposed to slavery, and the early Fathers of the Church encouraged the emancipation of slaves. [663] Sura iv. 3. [664] Suras vi. 138, 141, 152; xvii. 33. [665] Suras ii. 216; v. 93. [666] R. Bosworth Smith, _Mohammed and Mohammedanism_ (1875), p. 204. [667] Ameer Ali, _The Spirit of Islam_, 2d ed., p. 283. [668] According to the principles of the Koran, though no Moslem captive might be reduced to servitude, all non-Moslem prisoners could, as spoils of war, be enslaved: “We make lawful for ye ... what thy right hand possesses [slaves] out of the booty God has granted thee” (sura xxxiii. 49). [669] “The recognition of the slave traffic by Mohammedanism has been, and is to this day, a curse to Africa and a source of disturbance to the world’s politics.”--HOBHOUSE, _Morals in Evolution_ (1906), vol. i, p. 307. [670] In an address. Cf. R. Bosworth Smith, _Mohammed and Mohammedanism_ (1875), pp. 59 ff. [671] Ameer Ali, _The Spirit of Islam_, 2d ed., p. 328. The author maintains that Mohammed himself did not intend that his rules should be binding for all time. [672] This teaching is one which does not show itself as a generally recognized principle in the pre-Christian centuries, as does the principle of love, or self-devotion to the common good, or universal benevolence. “Christianity at its inception did not take over this moral principle, ready-made, from any of the older cults or cultures from which the Christian movement was in a position to draw. It is not found, at least in appreciable force, in the received Judaism; nor can it be derived from the classical (Greco-Roman) cultures, which had none of it” (Thorstein B. Veblen, “Christian Morals and the Competitive System,” _The International Journal of Ethics_ for January, 1910). [673] “Christian mores in the Western Empire were formed by syncretism of Jewish and pagan mores. Christian mores therefore contain war, slavery, concubinage, demonism, and base amusements, together with some abstract ascetic doctrines with which these things are inconsistent.”--SUMNER, _Folkways_ (1907), p. 116.