[697] “But meanwhile by alternations of Hebraism and Hellenism, of a man’s intellectual and moral impulses, of the effort to see things as they really are, and the effort to win peace by self-conquest, the human spirit proceeds; and each of these two forces has its appointed hours of culmination and seasons of rule.”--MATTHEW ARNOLD, _Culture and Anarchy_ (1875), p. 143. [698] It must be borne in mind that the spirit of the Renaissance was at work long before the Renaissance. [699] In this there is substantial agreement among historians of the Inquisition: consult Lea, _The Inquisition of the Middle Ages_ (1887), vol. i, pp. 236 ff.; Lecky, _History of European Morals_, 3d ed., vol. i, pp. 98, 395 f.; Pollock, _Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics_ (1882), essay vi, “The Theory of Persecution”; _Catholic Encyclopedia_, vol. viii, article on “Inquisition.” [700] “The case for theological persecution is unanswerable if we admit the fundamental supposition that one faith is known to be true and necessary for salvation.”--POLLOCK, _Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics_ (1882), p. 155. [701] _Catholic Encyclopedia_, vol. viii, under “Inquisition.” [702] Besides the doctrine of the criminality of misbelief, Lecky finds a secondary cause of Christian persecution in the medieval teaching respecting hell. That vision of the awful and eternal torments prepared for misbelievers, he says, “chilled and deadened the sympathies and predisposed men to inflict suffering” (_Rationalism in Europe_, new ed. (1890), vol. i, p. 347). [703] Lea, _History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages_ (1887), vol. i, p. 234. “The representatives of the Church were children of their own age.... Theologians and canonists, the highest and the saintliest, stood by the code of their day and sought to explain and justify it” (_Catholic Encyclopedia_, vol. viii, under “Inquisition”). [704] “It was strange that one almost swooning with pain should have said the gentlest-hearted and truest thing about human nature that has ever been said since the world began.”--GERALD STANLEY LEE, “Business, Goodness, and Imagination,” _Hibbert Journal_ for April, 1912, p. 651. [705] On Machiavellism see _The Prince_, and introductions to different editions by Macaulay, Lord Acton, and Henry Morley; Figgis, _Studies of Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius_ (1907), pp. 81–107; John Morley, _Machiavelli_ (Romanes Lecture for 1897).