itself! The Minæan Kingdom must have had a long existence. The names of thirty-three of its kings are already known to us. ... A power which reached to the borders of Palestine must necessarily have come into contact with the great monarchies of the ancient world. The army of Ælius Gallus was doubtless not the first which had sought to gain possession of the cities and spice-gardens of the south. One such invasion is alluded to in an inscription which was copied by M. Halévy. ... But the epigraphy of ancient Arabia is still in its infancy. The inscriptions already known to us represent but a small proportion of those that are yet to be discovered. ... The dark past of the Arabian peninsula has been suddenly lighted up, and we find that long before the days of Mohammed it was a land of culture and literature, a seat of powerful kingdoms and wealthy commerce, which cannot fail to have exercised an influence upon the general history of the world." _A. H. Sayce, Ancient Arabia (Contemporary Review., December, 1889)._ ARABIA: 6th Century. Partial conquest by the Abyssinians. See ABYSSINIA: 6TH TO 16TH CENTURIES. ARABIA: A. D. 609-632. Mahomet's conquest. See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST: A. D. 609-632. ARABIA: A. D. 1517. Brought under the Turkish sovereignty. See TURKS: A. D. 1481-1520. ----------ARABIA: End---------- ARABS, Conquests of the. See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST. ARACAN, English acquisition of. See INDIA: A. D. 1823-1833. ARACHOTI, The. A people who dwelt anciently in the Valley of the Arghandab, or Urgundab, in eastern Afghanistan. Herodotus gave them the tribal name of "Pactyes," and the modern Afghans, who call themselves "Pashtun" and "Pakhtun," signifying "mountaineers," are probably derived from them. _M. Duncker, History of Antiquity, book 7, chapter 1._ ARAGON: A. D. 1035-1258. Rise of the kingdom. See SPAIN: A. D. 1035-1258. ARAGON: A. D. 1133. Beginning of popular representation in the Cortes. The Monarchical constitution. See CORTES, THE EARLY SPANISH. ARAGON: A. D. 1218-1238. The first oath of allegiance to the king. Conquest of Balearic Islands. Subjugation of Valencia. See SPAIN: A. D. 1212-1238. ARAGON: A. D. 1410-1475. The Castilian dynasty. Marriage of Ferdinand with Isabella of Castile. See SPAIN: A. D. 1368-1479. ARAGON: A. D. 1516. The crown united with that of Castile by Joanna, mother of Charles V. See SPAIN: A. D. 1496-1517. ----------ARAGON: End---------- ARAICU, The. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP. ARAM.--ARAM NAHARAIM.--ARAM--ZOBAH.--ARAMÆANS. See SEMITES; also, SEMITIC LANGUAGES. ARAMBEC. See NORUMBEGA. ARAPAHOES, The. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY, and PAWNEE (CADDOAN) FAMILY. ARAR, The. The ancient name of the river Saone, in France. ARARAT.--URARDA.