This transaction has been the subject of much historical controversy. The enemies of Charles, both in his own and later ages, have considered it as a proof of his indifference, at least, to the protestant religion, and of his readiness to accept the assistance of Irish rebels on any conditions. His advocates for a long time denied the authenticity of Glamorgan's commissions. But Dr. Birch demonstrated that they were genuine; and, if his dissertation could have left any doubt, later evidence might be adduced in confirmation." _H. Hallam, Constitutional History of England, chapter 10 (volume 2)._ ALSO IN: _S. R. Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War, chapters 39 and 44 (volume 2)._ _T. Carte, Life of James, Duke of Ormond, book 4 (volume 3)._ _J. Lingard, History of England, volume 10, chapter 3._ {876} ENGLAND: A. D. 1645 (JULY-AUGUST). The Clubmen. "When Fairfax and Cromwell marched into the west [after Naseby fight], they found that in these counties the country-people had begun to assemble in bodies, sometimes 5,000 strong, to resist their oppressors, whether they fought in the name of King or Parliament. They were called clubmen from their arms, and carried banners, with the motto--'If you offer to plunder our cattle, Be assured we will give you battle.' The clubmen, however, could not hope to control the movements of the disciplined troops who now appeared against them. After a few fruitless attempts at resistance they dispersed." _B. M. Cordery and J. S. Phillpotts, King and Commonwealth, chapter 8._ "The inexpugnable Sir Lewis Dives (a thrasonical person known to the readers of Evelyn), after due battering, was now soon stormed; whereupon, by Letters found on him it became apparent how deeply Royalist this scheme of Clubmen had been: 'Commissions for raising Regiments of Clubmen'; the design to be extended over England at large, 'yea into the Associated Counties': however, it has now come to nothing." _T. Carlyle, Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, part 2, letter 14._ ENGLAND: A. D. 1645 (JULY-SEPTEMBER). The storming of Bridgewater and Bristol.