France; and John thought he saw in this league the means of revenge against his old enemy. To complete the line of demarcation between the two parties, Innocent, who was greatly moved by the description of the disorders and persecutions in England, declared John's crown forfeited, and intrusted the carrying out of the sentence to Philip. In 1213 armies were collected on both sides. Philip was already on the Channel, and John had assembled a large army on Barhamdown, not far from Canterbury." But, at the last moment, when the French king was on the eve of embarking his forces for the invasion of England, John submitted himself abjectly to Pandulf, the legate of the Pope. He not only surrendered to all that he had contended against, but went further, to the most shameful extreme. "On the 15th of May, at Dover, he formally resigned the crowns of England and Ireland into the hands of Pandulf, and received them again as the Pope's feudatory." _J. F. Bright, History of England (3d edition), volume 1, pages 130-134._ ALSO IN: _C. H. Pearson, History of England during the Early and Middle Ages, volume 2, chapter 2._ _E. F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, Book 4, number 5._ See, also, BOUVINES, BATTLE OF. ENGLAND: A. D. 1206-1230. Attempts of John and Henry III. to recover Anjou and Maine. See ANJOU: A. D. 1206-1442. ENGLAND: A. D. 1215. Magna Carta.