ALSO IN: _T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, book 3, chapter 8 (volume 2)._ ----------HERZEGOVINA: Start-------- HERZEGOVINA: A. D. 1875-1876. Revolt against Turkish rule. Interposition of the Powers. See TURKS: A. D. 1861-1877. HERZEGOVINA: A. D. 1878. Given over to Austria by the Treaty of Berlin. See TURKS: A. D. 1878. ----------HERZEGOVINA: End-------- HESSE: A. D. 1866. Extinction of the electorate. Absorption by Prussia. See GERMANY: A. D. 1866. HESSIANS, The, in the American War. See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A. D. 1776 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY). HESTIASIS. The feasting of the tribes at Athens. See LITURGIES. HESYCHASTS, The. See MYSTICISM. HETÆRIES, Ancient. Political clubs "which were habitual and notorious at Athens; associations, bound together by oath, among the wealthy citizens, partly for purposes of amusement, but chiefly pledging the members to stand by each other in objects of political ambition, in judicial trials, in accusation or defence of official men after the period of office had expired, in carrying points through the public assembly, &c. … They furnished, when taken together, a formidable anti-popular force." _G. Grote, History of Greece, part 2, chapter 62 (volume 7)._ ALSO IN: _G. F. Schömann, Antiquities of Greece: The State, part 3, chapter 3._ HETAIRA. HETAIRISTS, Modern. See GREECE: A. D. 1821-1829. HETMAN. See POLAND: A. D. 1668-1696; also, COSSACKS. HEXHAM, Battle of (1464). See ENGLAND: A. D. 1455-1471. HEYDUCS. Servian Christians who, in the earlier period of the Turkish domination, fled into the forest and became outlaws and robbers were called Heyducs. _L. Ranke, History of Servia, chapter 3._ HIAWATHA AND THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERATION. See IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY. HIBERNIA. See IRELAND. HICKS PASHA, Destruction of the army of (1883). See EGYPT: A. D. 1870-1883. HIDALGO. "Originally written 'fijodalgo,' son of something. Later applied to gentlemen, country gentlemen perhaps more particularly. … In the Dic. Univ. authorities are quoted showing that the word 'hidalgo' originated with the Roman colonists of Spain, called 'Italicos,' who were exempt from imposts. Hence those enjoying similar benefits were called 'Italicos,' which word in lapse of time became 'hidalgo.'" _H. H. Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, volume 1, page 252, foot-note._ HIDATSA INDIANS, The. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: HIDATSA. {1645} HIDE OF LAND. CARUCATE. VIRGATE.