evacuate Egypt on the restoration of the prisoners taken since the invasion. This was in August, 1807; and in September the last English soldier left the mouth of the Nile. By this time, the Sultan had declared war against England, and had caused a seizure of all the British property in his dominions." _H. Martineau, History of England, 1800-1815, book 2, chapter 1._ TURKS: A. D. 1807. Accession of Mustapha IV. TURKS: A. D. 1807. Schemes of Napoleon and Alexander I. at Tilsit for the partition of Turkey. See GERMANY: A. D. 1807 (JUNE-JULY). TURKS: A. D. 1808. Accession of Mahmud II. TURKS: A. D. 1821-1829. Revolt and recovery of independence by the Greeks. Battle of Navarino. Treaty of Adrianople. See GREECE: A. D. 1821-1829. TURKS: A. D. 1822-1823. The Congress of Verona. See VERONA, CONGRESS OF. TURKS: A. D. 1826. Reforms of Mahmud II. Insurrection of the Janissaries. Their subjugation and destruction. "While the struggle in Greece was proceeding, Mahmud had been busily engaged with his internal reforms, many of which were of a nature to offend the prejudices of his subjects. His great object was to give a European character to the institutions and the manners of his country. He introduced the western style of dress into Turkey; abandoned the use of the turban, which Mohammedans generally regard with much veneration; and gave musical and theatrical entertainments within the sacred enclosure of the Seraglio. He resolved also to recommence the military reforms of his uncle Selim, and again to establish the Nizam Jedid, or body of troops organized after European models. This last design roused once more the savage fanaticism of the Janizaries. On the 15th of June, 1826, when the Sultan and the Grand Vizier were in the country, the dissatisfied troops rose in insurrection, and committed great excesses. The Grand Vizier, hastily recalled to the metropolis, took measures for vindicating his master's authority, and at once found himself supported, not only by the new troops, but by the Ulemas and Students. Mahmud arrived shortly afterwards at the Seraglio, and by his orders the Mufti unfolded the standard of the Prophet, and summoned all faithful Mohammedans to rally round that holy symbol. The city was soon divided into two hostile factions. The Janizaries concentrated their forces in one of the great squares, and threw up entrenchments. The supporters of the Sultan gathered in their front, and an attack was made by ordnance, before which the Janizaries retired into their fortified barracks, where they continued to fight with the resolution of despair. … The building was presently on fire from one end to the other. The frightful struggle was continued in the midst of the flames; all who endeavoured to escape were at once shot