remember, has not prevented the same contempts and aversions from continuing to exist in Ireland. The Clericals and the Secularists hate each other as only religious parties can hate; far more than Catholics and Protestants in any of the countries where the two creeds stand side by side. The Secularist seems to the Clerical a blasphemer, against whom almost all devices are justifiable, while the Clerical is held by the Secularist to be a kind of evil fool, from whom nothing is to be expected except cunningly concealed malignity. The possessors of property expect that the 'ugly rush' which used to be talked of in England will occur tomorrow, while the wage receivers declare that they are worked to death for the benefit of others, who will not leave them so much as a living wage. All display when excited to a noteworthy fierceness of temper, a readiness to shed blood, and a disposition to push every quarrel into a sort of war,—tendencies visible throughout the history of the country." At the parliamentary election in June, 1900, under the new law providing for proportional representation, the Socialists gained seventeen seats from the Clerical party. BELGIUM: A. D. 1900. Relations with the Congo State. See (in this volume) CONGO FREE STATE: A. D. 1900. BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM, Recent development of. See (in this volume) SCIENCE, RECENT: ELECTRICAL. BELMONT, Battle of. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER). BENIN: Massacre of British officials. Capture of the town. See (in this volume) NIGERIA: A. D. 1897. BERGENDAL FARM, Battle of. See (in this volume) SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR): A. D. 1900 (JUNE-DECEMBER). BERING SEA QUESTIONS. "Several vexatious questions were left undetermined by the decision of the Bering Sea Arbitration Tribunal. See, in volume 5, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1886-1893.