ALEPPO: A. D. 638-969. Taken by the Arab followers of Mahomet in 638, this city was recovered by the Byzantines in 969. See BYZANTINE EMPIRE: A. D. 963-1025. ALEPPO: A. D. 1260. Destruction by the Mongols. The Mongols, under Khulagu, or Houlagou, brother of Mangu Khan, having overrun Mesopotamia and extinguished the Caliphate at Bagdad, crossed the Euphrates in the spring of 1260 and advanced to Aleppo. The city was taken after a siege of seven days and given up for five days to pillage and slaughter. "When the carnage ceased, the streets were cumbered with corpses. … It is said that 100,000 women and children were sold as slaves. The walls of Aleppo were razed, its mosques destroyed, and its gardens ravaged." Damascus submitted and was spared. Khulagu was meditating, it is said, the conquest of Jerusalem, when news of the death of the Great Khan called him to the East. _H. H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, pages 209-211._ ALEPPO: A. D. 1401. Sack and Massacre by Timour. See TIMOUR. ALESIA, Siege of, by Cæsar. See GAUL: B. C. 58-51. ALESSANDRIA: The creation of the city (1168). See ITALY: A. D. 1174-1183. ALEUTS, The. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ESKIMO. ALEXANDER ALEXANDER the Great, B. C. 334-323. Conquests and Empire. See MACEDONIA, &c., B. C. 334-330, and after. Alexander, King of Poland, A. D. 1501-1507. Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria. Abduction and Abdication. See BULGARIA: A. D. 1878-1886. Alexander I., Czar of Russia, A. D. 1801-1825. Alexander I., King of Scotland, A. D. 1107-1124. Alexander II., Pope, A. D. 1061-1073. Alexander II., Czar of Russia, A. D. 1855-1881. Alexander II., King of Scotland, A. D. 1214-1249. Alexander III., Pope, A. D. 1159-1181. Alexander III., Czar of Russia, A. D. 1881-. Alexander III., King of Scotland, A. D. 1249-1286. Alexander IV., Pope, A. D. 1254-1261. Alexander V., Pope, A. D. 1409-1410 (elected by the Council of Pisa). Alexander VI., Pope, A. D. 1492-1503. Alexander VII., Pope, A. D. 1655-1667. Alexander VIII., Pope, A. D. 1689-1691. Alexander Severus, Roman Emperor, A. D. 222-235. ALEXANDRIA: B. C. 332. The Founding of the City.