"It may be questioned whether any etymological connexion exists between the words odal and alod, but their signification applied to land is the same: the alod is the hereditary estate derived from primitive occupation; for which the owner owes no service except the personal obligation to appear in the host and in the council. … The land held in full ownership might be either an ethel, an inherited or otherwise acquired portion of original allotment; or an estate created by legal process out of public land. Both these are included in the more common term alod; but the former looks for its evidence in the pedigree of its owner or in the witness of the community, while the latter can produce the charter or· book by which it is created, and is called bocland. As the primitive allotments gradually lost their historical character, as the primitive modes of transfer became obsolete, and the use of written records took their place, the ethel is lost sight of in the bookland. All the land that is not so accounted for is folcland, or public land." _William Stubbs, Constitutional History of England, chapter 3, section 24, and chapter 5, section 36._ {43} "Alodial lands are commonly opposed to beneficiary or feudal; the former being strictly proprietary, while the latter depended upon a superior. In this sense the word is of continual recurrence in ancient histories, laws and instruments. It sometimes, however, bears the sense of inheritance. … Hence, in the charters of the eleventh century, hereditary fiefs are frequently termed alodia." _H. Hallam, Middle Ages, chapter 2, part 1, note._ ALSO IN _J. M. Kemble, The Saxon in England, book 1, chapter 11._ See, also, FOLCLAND. ALP ARSLAN, Seljouk Turkish Sultan, A. D. 1063-1073. ALPHONSO. See ALFONSO. ALSACE. ALSATIA: The Name. See ALEMANNI: A. D. 213. ALSACE: A. D. 843-870. Included in the Kingdom of Lorraine. See LORRAINE: A. D. 843-870. ALSACE: 10th Century. Joined to the Empire. See LORRAINE: A. D. 911-980. ALSACE: 10th Century. Origin of the House of Hapsburg. See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1246-1282. ALSACE: A. D. 1525. Revolt of the Peasants. See GERMANY: A. D. 1524-1525. ALSACE: A. D. 1621-1622. Invasions by Mansfeld and his predatory army. See GERMANY: A. D. 1621-1623. ALSACE: A. D. 1636-1639. Invasion and conquest by Duke Bernhard of Weimar. Richelieu's appropriation of the conquest for France. See GERMANY: A. D. 1634-1639. ALSACE: A. D. 1648. Cession to France in the Peace of Westphalia. See GERMANY: A. D. 1648. ALSACE: A. D. 1659. Renunciation of the claims of the King of Spain. See FRANCE: A. D. 1659-1661. ALSACE: A. D. 1674-1678. Ravaged in the Campaigns of Turenne and Condé. See NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND): A. D. 1674-1678.